Brain stimulation system including multiple stimulation modes

ABSTRACT

A system for treating a patient comprises a stimulator for stimulating brain tissue, a controller for setting stimulation parameters and a diagnostic tool for measuring patient parameters and producing diagnostic data. The stimulation parameters comprise test stimulation parameters and treatment stimulation parameters. The stimulator delivers test stimulation energy to the brain tissue based on at least one test stimulation parameter and delivers treatment stimulation energy to the brain tissue based on at least one treatment stimulation parameter. One or more treatment stimulator parameters are determined based on the diagnostic data produced by the diagnostic tool The system is constructed and arranged to treat a neurological disease or a neurological disorder. Methods of treating a neurological disease or neurological disorder are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/CA2015/050768 filed Aug. 13, 2015, which claims priority under35 USC 119(3) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/037,524, titled “Brain Stimulation System including MultipleStimulation Modes”, filed Aug. 14, 2014, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

This application is related to U.S. patent Ser. No. 11/303,293, entitled“Cognitive Function within a Human Brain”, filed Dec. 16, 2005; U.S.patent Ser. No. 11/303,292, titled “Inducing Neurogenesis within a HumanBrain”, filed Dec. 16, 2005; U.S. patent Ser. No. 11/303,619, titled“Regulation of Neurotrophins”, filed Dec. 16, 2005; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/365,977, titled “Method of Treating CognitiveDisorders Using Neuromodulation”, filed Mar. 1, 2006; U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/655,652, titled “Deep Brain Stimulation ofMemory Circuits in Alzheimer's Disease”, filed Oct. 19, 2012;International PCT Patent Application Serial Number PCT/US2014/060923,titled “Brain Stimulation System including Diagnostic Tool”, filed Oct.16, 2014; and International PCT Patent Application Serial NumberPCT/CA2015/050249, titled “Systems and Methods for Determining aTrajectory for a Brain Stimulation Lead”, filed Mar. 31, 2014; thecontents of which are each incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to methods and systems fortreating a neurological disease or disorder, such as Alzheimer's Diseaseor other cognitive disorder. In particular, a system includes astimulation device that operates in two or more stimulation modes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Brain stimulation has been performed to treat numerous patient diseasesand disorders, such as neurological and psychiatric conditions. Bothinvasive and non-invasive technologies have been developed. Onenon-invasive system includes a transcranial magnetic stimulation devicethat directs a magnetic field from outside the patient's head to induceelectric currents in the patient's brain. Deep brain stimulation (DBS)can be accomplished using surgically implanted electrodes that deliverelectrical stimulation to precisely targeted areas in the brain. Morethan 100,000 patients have been implanted with deep brain electrodes,and its predominant application has been in the treatment of movementdisorders, most commonly Parkinson's disease.

There is a need for enhanced DBS and other brain stimulation systems,devices and methods that result in increased safety and improvedefficacy in the treatment of patients.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an aspect of the invention, a system for treating a patientcomprises a stimulator for stimulating brain tissue and a controller forsetting stimulation parameters of the stimulator, and the stimulator canbe configured to operate in a first mode with a first set of stimulationparameters and a second mode with a second set of stimulation parametersdifferent from the first set of stimulation parameters, and the systemcan be configured to treat at least one of a cognitive disease or acognitive disorder.

In some embodiments, the cognitive disease or disorder comprises adisease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: Alzheimer'sDisease (AD) such as Mild or Moderate Alzheimer's Disease; probableAlzheimer's Disease; a genetic form of Alzheimer's Disease; MildCognitive Impairment (MCI); hippocampal damage such as hippocampaldamage and/or hippocampal atrophy due to Alzheimer's disease, anoxia,epilepsy, depression; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); traumaticbrain injury (TBI); neuronal loss; neuronal damage; chemotherapy inducedmemory impairment; epilepsy; a seizure disorder; dementia; amnesia; amemory disorder such a spatial memory disorder; traumatic brain injury;cognitive impairment associated with Schizophrenia; Parkinson's Diseaserelated cognitive impairment or dementia; a neurological condition; apsychiatric condition; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to treat negative symptomsof a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:schizophrenia; depression; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD);traumatic brain injury (TBI); other conditions of reversible impairedmemory or cognition; Parkinson's Disease; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the system utilizes less power when the stimulatoris in the first mode than when the stimulator is in the second mode.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to provide an enhancedmemory recall effect when the stimulator is in the second mode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to deliver stimulationenergy, and the stimulation energy delivered in the first mode isdifferent than the stimulation energy delivered in the second mode. Thestimulation energy difference can comprise a difference in the type ofstimulation energy delivered. The stimulation energy delivered in thefirst mode can comprise energy selected from the group consisting of:electrical energy; magnetic field energy; light energy; energyconfigured to optogenetically induce neurons; sound energy; chemicalenergy; and combinations thereof. The stimulation energy difference cancomprise a difference in the magnitude of energy delivered. Thedifference in the magnitude of energy delivered can comprise adifference in energy delivered over time. The difference in themagnitude of energy delivered can comprise a difference in averageenergy delivered within a time period. The difference in the magnitudeof energy delivered can comprise a difference in peak energy deliveredwithin a time period. The difference in the magnitude of energydelivered can comprise a difference in at least 5% in magnitude ofenergy delivered. The difference in the magnitude of energy deliveredcan comprise a difference in at least 10% in magnitude of energydelivered. The difference in the magnitude of energy delivered cancomprise a difference in at least 25% in magnitude of energy delivered.The difference in the magnitude of energy delivered can comprise adifference in at least 50% in magnitude of energy delivered. Thedifference in the magnitude of energy delivered can comprise adifference in at least 100% in magnitude of energy delivered. Thestimulation difference can comprise a difference in an energy deliveryparameter selected from the group consisting of: voltage level such asan average voltage level, rms voltage level and/or a peak voltage level;current level such as an average current level, rms current level and/ora peak current level; power level such as an average power level, rmspower level and/or a peak power level; frequency of stimulation signal;series of frequencies of the stimulation signal; phase of stimulationsignal; pulse width modulation ratio; signal pulse width; currentdensity such as current density applied to tissue; single electrodeselected to receive stimulation energy; set of electrodes selected toreceive monopolar and/or bipolar stimulation energy; and combinationsthereof. The stimulation energy can comprise electrical energy, and thestimulation difference comprises a difference in an electrical energydeliver parameter selected from the group consisting of: voltage level;average voltage level; peak voltage level; current level; averagecurrent level; peak current level; power level; average power level;peak power level; frequency; phase; duty cycle; pulse width; modulation;and combinations thereof. The stimulation energy can comprise electricalenergy, and at least one of the first set of stimulation parameters orthe second set of stimulation parameters comprises a duty cycle ofapproximately 1%. The at least one of the first set of stimulationparameters or the second set of stimulation parameters can comprise anon time of approximately 90 μsecs. The stimulation energy can compriseelectrical energy, and at least one of the first set of stimulationparameters or the second set of stimulation parameters comprises avoltage of at least 3.0V. The stimulation energy can comprise electricalenergy, and at least one of the first set of stimulation parameters orthe second set of stimulation parameters comprises a frequency ofbetween 2 Hz and 1000 Hz. The energy delivered between 2 Hz and 1000 Hzcan be delivered intermittently. The energy delivered between 2 Hz and1000 Hz can be delivered at approximately 5 Hz. The energy deliveredbetween 2 Hz and 1000 Hz can be delivered at approximately 100 Hz. Theenergy delivered between 2 Hz and 1000 Hz can be delivered atapproximately 130 Hz. The energy delivered between 2 Hz and 1000 Hz canbe delivered as Theta Burst stimulation energy. The Theta Burststimulation energy can comprise energy delivered at approximately 200 Hzin multiple trains of pulses. The multiple trains can comprise trains ofapproximately 50 msec in duration. The trains can be delivered at a rateof approximately 5 trains/second. The stimulation energy can compriselight energy, and the stimulation difference comprises a difference in alight energy deliver parameter selected from the group consisting of:intensity; average intensity; peak intensity; power level; average powerlevel; peak power level; frequency; phase; pulse width; modulation; andcombinations thereof. The stimulation energy can comprise sound energy,and the stimulation difference comprises a difference in a sound energydeliver parameter selected from the group consisting of: intensity;average intensity; peak intensity; power level; average power level;peak power level; frequency; phase; pulse width; modulation; andcombinations thereof. The stimulation energy can comprise energydelivered by an agent, and the stimulation difference comprises adifference in an agent delivery parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: agent delivery rate; flow rate; concentration of agentbeing delivered; and combinations thereof. The stimulator can comprise afirst stimulation element and a second stimulation element, and thefirst stimulation element delivers energy in the first mode and thesecond stimulation element delivers energy in the second mode. Both thefirst stimulation element and the second stimulation element can deliverenergy in the second mode. In some embodiments, the first stimulationelement does not deliver energy in the second mode. The at least one ofthe first stimulation element or the second stimulation element cancomprise an electrode. The stimulator can further comprise a stimulationlead, and the first stimulation element and the second stimulationelement are positioned on the stimulation lead.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a battery, and theenergy drain from the battery is greater when the stimulator is operatorin the second mode than in the first mode. The first set of stimulationparameters can comprise a parameter with a lower value than acorresponding parameter in the second set of stimulation parameters, andthe first stimulation parameter comprises a parameter selected from thegroup consisting of: average energy delivered; cumulative energydelivered; peak energy delivered; duty cycle for energy delivery;voltage of energy delivered; current of energy delivered; intensity ofenergy delivered; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the tissue stimulated in the first mode comprises afirst volume of brain tissue, and the tissue stimulated in the secondmode comprises a second volume of brain tissue, and at least a portionof the second volume of tissue comprises tissue not included in thefirst volume of tissue. The second volume of tissue can comprise alarger volume than the first volume of tissue. The second volume oftissue can comprise the first volume of tissue and tissue not includedin the first volume of tissue.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate with thefirst stimulation parameters for multiple discrete first time periodsand to stimulate with the second stimulation parameters for multiplediscrete second time periods. The stimulator can be configured torepeatedly alternate between stimulating with the first set ofstimulation parameters and the second set of stimulation parameters. Themultiple discrete first time periods can each comprise similar durationsof time. The multiple discrete second time periods can each comprisesimilar durations of time. The stimulator can be configured to initiateeach stimulation using the second set of stimulation parameters based onthe occurrence of an event. The event can comprise a patient event. Thepatient event can comprise an event selected from the group consistingof: inability to recall a memory event; inability to access a memoryengram; frustration; anger; disorientation; and combinations thereof.The system can further comprise a sensor configured to produce a signaland an algorithm, the event comprises a patient event detected by thealgorithm based on the sensor signal. The sensor can comprise a sensorselected from the group consisting of: electrode; neuronal activitysensor; EEG sensor; polysomnography (PSG) sensor; sleep sensor; sleepstate sensor; local field potential sensor; neurochemical sensor; EKGsensor; pH sensor; pressure sensor; blood pressure sensor; respirationsensor; acoustic sensor; optical sensor; blood gas sensor; blood glucosesensor; glucose sensor; insulin sensor; blood oxygen sensor; eyemovement sensor; blink rate sensor; magnetic sensor; strain gauge;temperature sensor; and combinations thereof. The system can furthercomprise a switch, and the event comprises activation of the switch byan operator. The operator can comprise the patient. The at least one of:the multiple discrete first time periods or the multiple discrete secondtime periods, can each comprise different durations of time. Themultiple discrete first time periods can each comprise differentdurations of time and the multiple discrete second time periods can eachcomprise different durations of time. Each discrete first time periodcan comprise at least 5 minutes, and each discrete second time periodcan comprise at least 30 seconds. Each discrete first time period cancomprise at least 1 hour, and each discrete second time period cancomprise at least 30 seconds. Each discrete first time period cancomprise at least 24 hours, and each discrete second time period cancomprise at least 30 seconds. Each discrete first time period cancomprise at least 5 minutes, and each discrete second time period cancomprise at least 5 minutes. Each discrete first time period cancomprise at least 1 hour, and each discrete second time period cancomprise at least 1 hour. Each discrete first time period can compriseat least 24 hours, and each discrete second time period can comprise atleast 24 hours. The stimulator can be configured to deliver more powerin each discrete second time period than the power delivered in eachdiscrete first time period. The stimulator can be configured to deliverno energy in at least one first time period.

In some embodiments, the stimulator transitions from the first mode tothe second mode when the stimulator has operated in the first mode for apre-determined time period. The stimulator can transition from thesecond mode to the first mode when the stimulator has operated in thesecond mode for a pre-determined time period.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises an electronic clock,and the stimulator transitions between the first mode and the secondmode based on the time of day determined by the electronic clock. Thestimulator can operate in the second mode for at least a portion ofnighttime. The stimulator can deliver less power in the second mode thanthe power delivered in the first mode. The stimulator can deliver morepower in the second mode than the power delivered in the first mode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator can be configured to transitionbetween the first mode and the second mode based on a patient parameter.The stimulator can be configured to transition between the first modeand the second mode based on a change in the patient parameter. Thesystem can further comprise a threshold, and the stimulator can beconfigured to transition between the first mode and the second mode whenthe patient parameter exceeds the threshold. The system can furthercomprise a sensor configured to produce a signal related to the patientparameter. The system can further comprise an algorithm configured toassess the sensor signal and determine if the patient parameter exceedsthe threshold. The patient parameter can comprise a circadian rhythmparameter. The patient parameter can comprise a patient awakenessparameter, and the stimulator can transition from the first mode to thesecond mode as the patient falls asleep or transitions from one sleepstate to another (e.g. as determined by one or more sensors). Thestimulator can be configured to deliver less energy to brain tissue whenin the second mode than the energy delivered to brain tissue when in thefirst mode. The stimulator can be configured to deliver more energy tobrain tissue when in the second mode than the energy delivered to braintissue when in the first mode. The system can further comprise a sensorconfigured to produce a signal related to patient awakeness and analgorithm configured to assess patient awakeness based on the sensorsignal. The patient parameter can comprise a patient activity levelparameter. The system can further comprise a threshold, and thestimulator can be configured to transition from the first mode to thesecond mode when the patient activity level exceeds the threshold. Thesystem can further comprise a sensor configured to produce a signalrelated to the patient activity level parameter and an algorithmconfigured to assess the sensor signal and to determine if the patientactivity level parameter has exceeded the threshold. The stimulator canbe configured to deliver less energy to brain tissue when in the secondmode than the energy delivered to brain tissue when in the first mode.The stimulator can be configured to deliver more energy to brain tissuewhen in the second mode than the energy delivered to brain tissue whenin the first mode. The patient parameter can comprise a patient activityparameter, and the stimulator can be configured to transition from thefirst mode to the second mode when a particular patient activity isdetected. The patient activity parameter can be related to a patientactivity selected from the group consisting of: reading, writing;talking; participating in a conversation; and combinations thereof. Thesystem can further comprise a sensor configured to produce a signalrelated to the patient activity parameter and an algorithm configured toassess the sensor signal and to determine if the patient activityparameter has exceeded the threshold. The patient parameter can berelated to a patient physiologic parameter selected form the groupconsisting of: blood pressure; heart rate; eye movement; blink rate;respiration; a glucose level; an insulin level; a theta rhythm state; asleep state; one or more brain signals; one or more heart signals; andcombinations thereof. The system can further comprise a sensorconfigured to produce a signal related to the patient physiologicparameter and an algorithm configured to assess the sensor signal and todetermine if the patient physiologic parameter has exceeded thethreshold. The patient parameter can be related to the patient's abilityto recall a memory event. The stimulator can be configured to deliver noenergy to brain tissue when in the first mode. The stimulator can beconfigured to deliver more power to brain tissue when in the second modethan the power delivered to brain tissue when in the first mode. Thesystem can further comprise an algorithm configured to detect thepatient's inability to recall the memory event. The algorithm can bebiased toward false positives. The system can further comprise a sensorconfigured to produce a signal related to the patient's ability torecall a memory event. The system can further comprise an algorithmconfigured to assess the sensor signal and to determine if the patient'sability to recall a memory event exceeds a threshold. The algorithm canbe biased toward false positives.

In some embodiments, the stimulator can be configured to transitionbetween the first mode and the second mode based on an operator action.The operator comprises an operator selected from the group consistingof: the patient; a clinician; a healthcare provider; a family member;and combinations thereof. The system can further comprise a switch, andthe system can be configured to transition between the first mode andthe second mode upon operation activation of the switch. The switch cancomprise a patient activatable switch. The switch can be configured tobe activated by the patient in an attempt to recall a memory event. Theswitch can be configured to be activated by the patient whileexperiencing an inability to recall a memory event.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a sensor configured toproduce a signal. The stimulator can be configured to transition betweenthe first mode and the second mode based on the sensor signal. Thesystem can further comprise an algorithm configured to assess the sensorsignal and to cause the stimulator to transition between the first modeand the second mode based on the assessment. The algorithm can comprisea bias. The algorithm can be biased toward false positives. The sensorsignal can be related to the patient's inability to recall a memoryevent and/or the sensor signal can be related to patient's sleep status.The algorithm can be biased toward false negatives. The sensor signalcan be related to the patient's sleep status. The stimulator can beconfigured to deliver more energy to brain tissue when in the secondmode than the energy delivered to brain tissue in the first mode. Thesensor can comprise a sensor selected from the group consisting of:electrode; neuronal activity sensor; EEG sensor; polysomnography (PSG)sensor; sleep sensor; sleep state sensor; local field potential sensor;neurochemical sensor; EKG sensor; pH sensor; pressure sensor; bloodpressure sensor; respiration sensor; acoustic sensor; optical sensor;blood gas sensor; blood glucose sensor; glucose sensor; insulin sensor;blood oxygen sensor; eye movement sensor; blink rate sensor; magneticsensor; strain gauge; temperature sensor; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to transition from thefirst mode to the second mode at a trigger event, and the stimulator isconfigured to remain in the second mode for a pre-determined timeperiod. The pre-determined time period can comprise a time period lessthan 4 hours. The pre-determined time period can comprise a time periodless than 1 hour. The trigger event can comprise an event selected fromthe group consisting of: operator activation of a switch; a patientevent; a patient physiologic event; a patient event detected by asensor; and combinations thereof. The stimulator can be configured todeliver more power to brain tissue when in the second mode than theenergy delivered to brain tissue when in the first mode. The stimulatorcan be configured to deliver no energy to brain tissue when in the firstmode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator can be further configured to operatein a third mode with a third set of stimulation parameters differentthan the first set of stimulation parameters and the second set ofstimulation parameters.

In some embodiments, the controller comprises a switch configured suchthat activation of the switch by an operator transitions the stimulatorfrom operating in the first mode to operating in the second mode. Theswitch can be further configured such that activation of the switch byan operator transitions the stimulator from operating in the second modeto operating in the first mode. The system can be configured to preventthe stimulator from transitioning from the second mode to the first modeby activation of the switch. The system can be configured toautomatically transition the stimulator from operating in the secondmode to operation in the first mode. The system can be configured toautomatically perform the transition after the stimulator is operatingin the second mode for a pre-determined time duration. The stimulatorcan be configured to deliver more energy to brain tissue when in thesecond mode than the energy delivered to brain tissue when in the firstmode.

In some embodiments, the controller comprises a first discretecontroller and a second discrete controller. The first discretecontroller can comprise a clinician-operated controller and the seconddiscrete controller comprises a patient-operated controller. Theclinician-operated controller and the patient-operated controller eachcan be configured to transition the stimulator from the first mode tothe second mode. The clinician-operated controller can be furtherconfigured to transition the stimulator from the second mode to thefirst mode.

In some embodiments, the controller is configured to modify at least oneof the first set of stimulation parameters or the second set ofstimulation parameters. The controller can be configured to modify boththe first set of stimulation parameters and the second set ofstimulation parameters.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a diagnostic tool formeasuring at least one patient parameter and producing diagnostic datarepresenting the at least one measured patient parameter, and at leastone of the first set of stimulation parameters or the second set ofstimulation parameters are based on the diagnostic data.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a diagnostic tool formeasuring at least one patient parameter and producing diagnostic datarepresenting the at least one measured patient parameter, and thestimulator transitions between the first mode and the second mode basedon the diagnostic data.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a diagnostic tool formeasuring at least one patient parameter and producing diagnostic datarepresenting the at least one measured patient parameter, and thediagnostic tool comprises a device selected from the group consistingof: heart rate monitor; EKG measurement device; oximeter; combined heartrate and oximeter device such as a pulse oximeter; blood pressuremeasurement device; neuronal activity measurement device; EEGmeasurement device; sleep measurement device; evoked response potential(ERP) measurement device; neurochemical analysis device; memory testdevice; memory test form; respiration measurement device; sweatmeasurement device; skin conductivity measurement device; pH measurementdevice; body motion measurement device; imaging device; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the brain tissue stimulated comprises at least aportion of the fornix. The brain tissue stimulated can further comprisenon-fornix brain tissue.

In some embodiments, the brain tissue stimulated comprises brain tissueselected from the group consisting of: fornix; entorhinal cortex;hippocampus; anterior thalamic nucleus; amygdala; mammillary bodies;parahippocampal cortex; temporal neocortex; septal nuclei; nucleusbasalis of Meynert; subcallosal or subgenual cingulate; ventral capsule;ventral striatum and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the brain tissue stimulated comprises brain tissueselected from the group consisting of: Papez Circuit; hippocampus;cingulate gyrus; fornix; a mammilothalamic tract; amygdala;hypothalamus; mammillary bodies; septal nuclei; temporal neocortex; themedial forebrain bundle; anterior and mediodorsal nuclei of thethalamus; the diagonal band of the Broca; temporal stem and temporalwhite matter; brainstem; nucleus basalis of Meynert; anterior thalamicnucleus; entorhinal cortex; rhinal cortex; periventricular zone;anterior thalamus; anterior insula; caudate; dorsal anterior cortex;dorsal cingulate; medial frontal cortex; nucleus accumbens; orbitalfrontal cortex; parietal region; periaqueductal gray area; posteriorcingulate area; subcallosal area; subcallosal cingulate; subgenualcingulate; Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 24; Brodmann area 25;Brodmann area 11/Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 24b; Brodmann area 31;Brodmann area 32/Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 32/Brodmann area 11;Brodmann area 39; Brodmann area 46; Brodmann area 46/Brodmann area 9;Brodmann area 47; Brodmann area 6; Brodmann area 9; ventral/medialprefrontal cortex area; ventral/medial white matter; dorsolateralprefrontal cortex; premotor cortex; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex;dorsal anterior cingulate caudate nucleus; frontal pole periaqueductalgray area; dorsolateral prefrontal area; subsingular cingulate;parahippocampal cortex; parahippocampal gyrus; ventral capsule; ventralstriatum; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the brain tissue stimulated does not comprisetissue selected from the group consisting of: hippocampal tissue;optical tract tissue; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the brain tissue stimulated does not comprisetissue selected from the group consisting of: posterior hypothalmicarea; ventral tegmental area; lateral hypothalamic area; anteriorhypothalamic nucleus; paraventricular nucleus; dorsal medialhypothalamic nucleus; ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; arcuatenucleus; lateral tuberal nucleus; medial preoptic nucleus; supraopticnucleus; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the stimulator further comprises an implantablestimulation lead constructed and arranged to receive the stimulationenergy from the stimulator and comprising at least one stimulationelement constructed and arranged to stimulate brain tissue.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises at least one energydelivery element configured to deliver stimulation energy to braintissue. The stimulation energy delivered by the at least one stimulationelement can comprise energy selected from the group consisting of:electromagnetic energy such as electrical energy and/or magnetic energy;light energy such as visible, ultraviolet and/or infrared light energy;sound energy such as subsonic, sonic or ultrasound energy; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises an imaging deviceconfigured to produce patient image information. The imaging device cancomprise a device selected from the group consisting of: MRI; fMRI;X-ray; fluoroscope; Ct-Scanner; PET Scanner; Diffusion Tensor Imaging(DTI) device; ultrasound imaging device; standardized Low ResolutionBrain Electromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA) device;MagnetoEncephalography (MEG); and combinations thereof. The system canfurther comprise at least one stimulation element, and the system can beconfigured to position the at least one stimulation element relative tothe brain tissue to be stimulated based on the patient imageinformation.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to treat at least oneneurological disease and at least one neurological disorder.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to treat multipleneurological diseases.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to treat multipleneurological disorders.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to regulate the level ofone or more neurotrophic factors and/or neurotransmitters.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to ameliorate cognitivedecline associated with dementia.

In some embodiments, the patient has reduced integrity of white mattertracts innervating limbic structures as determined by fractionalanisotropy maps using diffusion tensor imaging. The innervated limbicstructures can comprise at least the fornix.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to achieve at least oneof: treats memory impairment; improves memory function; treats cognitivefunction loss; reverses synaptic loss; improves cognitive function;reduces degradation of cognitive function; promotes neurogenesis in thehippocampus of the patient's brain; drives neurotrophin expression;regulates one or more biomarkers related to Alzheimer's Disease such asamyloid-beta, tau, and/or phosphorylated tau; regulates BDNF expression;increases neurotransmitter release such as acetylcholine; or improvesglucose utilization in the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe or bothlobes of the patient's brain.

In some embodiments, the stimulator comprises at least an implantedportion. The at least an implanted portion can comprise at least oneelectrode constructed and arranged to stimulate the brain tissue. The atleast one electrode can comprise an electrode selected from the groupconsisting of: single component bipolar electrode; multiple unipolarelectrodes; stacked contact electrodes; discrete electrodes; electrodestrip; grid of electrodes; paddle electrode; high-density/high channelor lead count micro-electrodes; and combinations thereof. The at leastone electrode can comprise at least one electrode positioned in braintissue. The at least one electrode can comprise at least one electrodepositioned proximate the fornix. The at least one electrode can comprisetwo electrodes constructed and arranged to be placed bilaterally aboutthe fornix. The at least one electrode can comprise at least oneelectrode positioned in a location to cause stimulation of the fornix.The at least one electrode can comprise multiple electrodes. The atleast one electrode can comprise an electrode constructed and arrangedfor monopolar delivery of electrical energy. The at least one electrodecan comprise an electrode constructed and arranged for multipolardelivery of electrical energy. The at least an implanted portion cancomprise an implanted stimulation element selected from the groupconsisting of: electrode such as one or more electrodes configured todeliver electrical stimulation energy; magnetic field delivery element;light delivery element such as a visible, ultraviolet or infrared lightdelivery element; optogenetic delivery element; sound delivery elementsuch as a subsonic wave or ultrasound wave delivery element; agentdelivery element such as a chemical or pharmaceutical agent deliveryelement; and combinations thereof. The system can further comprise anenergy generating element constructed and arranged to deliver energyselected from the group consisting of: electromagnetic energy such aselectrical energy and/or magnetic energy; light energy such as visible,ultraviolet and/or infrared light energy; sound energy such as subsonic,sonic or ultrasound energy; and combinations thereof. The at least animplanted portion can comprise an implanted signal generator.

In some embodiments, the stimulator comprises at least an externalportion. The at least an external portion can comprise an externalstimulation element. The external stimulation element can comprise anelectromagnetic field generator. The external stimulation element cancomprise a sound generator. The external stimulation element cancomprise a light energy generator. The at least an external portion cancomprise an electrical signal generator. The stimulator can furthercomprise an implanted stimulation element electrically connected to theelectrical signal generator. The implanted stimulation element cancomprise at least one electrode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator comprises an implanted portion andan external portion.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate tissuewith electrical stimulation.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate tissuewith a stimulation energy selected from the group consisting of:electrical stimulation; magnetic stimulation; optical stimulation suchas visible, ultraviolet or infrared light stimulation; sound stimulationsuch as ultrasound or subsonic wave stimulation; chemical stimulationsuch as stimulation from a drug or other agent; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate the braintissue in a continuous stimulation mode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate the braintissue in a cyclical stimulation mode.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is further configured to stimulatenon-brain tissue. The non-brain tissue can comprise non-brain nervetissue. The non-brain tissue can comprise non-brain organ tissue. Thenon-brain tissue can comprise tissue selected from the group consistingof: vagus nerve; trigeminal nerve; carotid sinus; spinal cord; dorsalroot ganglia; tibial nerve; sacral nerve; gastric nerve; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises an operatoractivatable switch, and the stimulator transitions from the first modeto the second mode when the switch is activated. The stimulator cantransition back to the first mode after a predetermined period of time.Alternatively, the stimulator can transition back to the first mode whenthe switch is released.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to provide monopolarstimulation in the first mode and bipolar stimulation in the secondmode.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to increase and/ormaintain glucose metabolism. In these embodiments, the stimulator can beconfigured to stimulate the fornix.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to increase and/ormaintain one or more portions of hippocampal volume. In theseembodiments, the stimulator can be configured to stimulate the fornix.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to increase blood flow ofthe hippocampus, increase angiogenesis and/or promote trophic release ofendothelial growth factor, BDNF and/or a neuroprotective agent.

In some embodiments, the system is configured to cause neurogenesis. Thesystem can be configured to cause hippocampal neurogenesis.

In some embodiments, the stimulator is configured to stimulate in thefirst mode when the patient is in a first state of sleep and tostimulate in the second mode when the patient is in a second state ofsleep, wherein the first state of sleep is different than the secondstate of sleep.

According to another aspect of the present inventive concepts, a methodof treating a patient is provided. The method comprises providing astimulator for stimulating brain tissue; providing a controller forsetting stimulation parameters of the stimulator; and operating thestimulator in a first mode with a first set of stimulation parametersand subsequently in a second mode with a second set of stimulationparameters different than the first set of stimulation parameters. Themethod is configured to treat at least one of a cognitive disease or acognitive disorder.

The technology described herein, along with the attributes and attendantadvantages thereof, will best be appreciated and understood in view ofthe following detailed description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings in which representative embodiments are describedby way of example.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of embodimentsof the present inventive concepts will be apparent from the moreparticular description of preferred embodiments, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to thesame or like elements. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of thepreferred embodiments.

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic view of a system for stimulating one ormore portions of a patient's brain, consistent with the presentinventive concepts.

FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of a method for treating a patient witha brain stimulation system, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts.

FIG. 3 illustrates a schematic of an electrical brain stimulator,consistent with the present inventive concepts.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting of the inventiveconcepts. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” areintended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the words “comprising” (and any formof comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and anyform of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form ofincluding, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and anyform of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) when used herein,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc.may be used herein to describe various limitations, elements,components, regions, layers and/or sections, these limitations,elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not belimited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish onelimitation, element, component, region, layer or section from anotherlimitation, element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a firstlimitation, element, component, region, layer or section discussed belowcould be termed a second limitation, element, component, region, layeror section without departing from the teachings of the presentapplication.

It will be further understood that when an element is referred to asbeing “on”, “attached”, “connected” or “coupled” to another element, itcan be directly on or above, or connected or coupled to, the otherelement or intervening elements can be present. In contrast, when anelement is referred to as being “directly on”, “directly attached”,“directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there areno intervening elements present. Other words used to describe therelationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion(e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directlyadjacent,” etc.).

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,”“upper” and the like may be used to describe an element and/or feature'srelationship to another element(s) and/or feature(s) as, for example,illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use and/or operation in addition to the orientation depictedin the figures. For example, if the device in a figure is turned over,elements described as “below” and/or “beneath” other elements orfeatures would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features.The device can be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or atother orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used hereininterpreted accordingly.

The term “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of the two specified features or components with orwithout the other. For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if eachis set out individually herein.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable sub-combination. For example, it will be appreciated thatall features set out in any of the claims (whether independent ordependent) can be combined in any given way.

The systems of the present inventive concepts comprise a stimulator forstimulating brain tissue, and one or more controllers for settingstimulation parameters of the stimulator. The stimulator can beconfigured to operate in a first mode with a first set of stimulationparameters and in a second mode with a second set of stimulationparameters different than the first set of stimulation parameters. Insome embodiments, the stimulator is configured to operate in three ormore modes correlating to three or more sets of different stimulationparameters. The systems can be configured to transition between any twoor more of the modes in repeating or non-repeating patterns.

The systems, devices and methods of the present inventive concepts areapplicable to treat a patient, such as to treat one or more cognitivediseases or disorders of a patient. The cognitive diseases or disorderscan include but are not limited to: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) such asMild or Moderate Alzheimer's Disease; probably Alzheimer's Disease; agenetic form of Alzheimer's Disease; Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI);hippocampal damage such as hippocampal damage due to Alzheimer'sdisease, anoxia, epilepsy, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) or traumatic brain injury (TBI); neuronal loss; neuronal damage;chemotherapy induced memory impairment; epilepsy; a seizure disorder;dementia; amnesia; a memory disorder such a spatial memory disorder;cognitive impairment associated with Schizophrenia; Parkinson's Diseaserelated cognitive impairment or dementia; and combinations of these.Additionally or alternatively, the patient can be selected to treatnegative symptoms of a disease or disorder selected from the groupconsisting of: schizophrenia; depression; post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD); traumatic brain injury (TBI); other conditions of reversibleimpaired memory or cognition; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, the patient is selected for treatment as describedin applicant's co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 13/655,652, entitled“Deep Brain Stimulation of Memory Circuits in Alzheimer's Disease”,filed Oct. 19, 2012, the content of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

As used herein, the term “wired pathway” shall refer to an energy and/orinformation transmission pathway including a physical conduit such as aflexible conduit comprising: one or more wires; one or more optical(e.g. light transmitting) fibers; one or more fluid delivery tubes; oneor more sound propagation guides; and combinations of these.

As used herein, the term “wireless” or “wireless pathway” shall refer toan energy and/or information transmission pathway that does not includeor otherwise rely on a physical conduit for transmission, such as anelectromagnetic, sound and/or light transmission of energy and/orinformation that passes through the tissue of a patient without the useof a physical conduit.

As used herein, the term “memory event” comprises one or more events inthe patient's life experiences, such as one or more events that can beroutinely recalled in a patient that does not suffer from amemory-related disease or disorder such as Alzheimer's Disease.

As used herein, the term “memory recall effect” shall refer to an effectthat increases the likelihood of a patient to recall a memory event.

As used herein, the term “set of stimulation parameters” comprises oneor more stimulation parameters used by a stimulator of the presentinventive concepts to regulate stimulation (e.g. stimulation energy)delivered to tissue such as brain tissue.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a system for stimulating a patient's brain isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. System 10includes stimulator 100 and one or more controllers, such as controller200 a and controller 200 b (singly or collectively controller 200). Insome embodiments, system 10 further includes diagnostic tool 300. System10 can be constructed and arranged to treat a neurological disease, aneurological disorder and/or another patient disease or disorder, asdescribed in detail herein. Stimulator 100 is configured to stimulatetissue, such as to stimulate at least a portion of a patient's brain B,such as via pathway 40. Controller 200 is configured to initiate and/oradjust (hereinafter “set” or “setting”) one or more stimulationparameters 105 of stimulator 100. Controller 200 a can be configured tocommunicate with stimulator 100 via pathway 20 a. Controller 200 b canbe configured to communicate with stimulator 100 via pathway 20 b.

Diagnostic tool 300 can be constructed and arranged to measure one ormore patient parameters, and to produce diagnostic data 305 representingthe measured patient parameters. The measuring of diagnostic data 305 bydiagnostic tool 300 can include but is not limited to performing a datameasurement function selected from the group consisting of: recording;gathering; assessing; collecting; determining; processing; combining;and combinations of these. In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300communicates with stimulator 100 and/or controller 200 via one or morewired or wireless pathways, not shown but configured similar to pathways20 a and/or 20 b, such as to transfer diagnostic data 305 and/or one ormore stimulation parameters 105 between diagnostic tool 300 andstimulator 100 and/or a controller 200. In some embodiments, diagnostictool 300 provides diagnostic data 305 and/or one or more stimulationparameters 105 to an operator of system 10, such as via user interface301.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 is constructed and arranged similarto stimulator 100 of FIG. 3 described hereinbelow. In some embodiments,system 10 is used as described in reference to the method of FIG. 2herein below. In some embodiments, system 10 is constructed and arrangedto treat a neurological disease and/or disorder selected from the groupconsisting of: probable Alzheimer's Disease; a genetic form ofAlzheimer's Disease; Mild Cognitive Impairment; hippocampal damage suchas hippocampal damage due to Alzheimer's Disease, anoxia, epilepsy ordepression; dementia; amnesia; a memory disorder such as a spatialmemory disorder; cognitive impairment associated with Schizophrenia;Parkinson's Disease related cognitive impairment or dementia; neuronalloss; neuronal damage; chemotherapy induced memory impairment; epilepsy;seizure disorder; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); traumatic braininjury (TBI); and combinations of these. In some embodiments, system 10is constructed and arranged to treat multiple neurological diseases,multiple neurological disorders and/or at least one neurological diseaseand at least one neurological disorder.

One or more stimulation parameters 105 can be determined or otherwiseset based on diagnostic data 305 produced by diagnostic tool 300. Insome embodiments, stimulation parameters are set as described inapplicant's co-pending application International PCT Patent ApplicationSerial Number PCT/US2014/060923, titled “Brain Stimulation Systemincluding Diagnostic Tool”, filed Oct. 16, 2014, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Stimulation parameters105 can comprise a first set of stimulation parameters 105 a foroperation of system 10 in a first mode of stimulation, and a second setof stimulation parameters 105 b for operation of system 10 in a secondmode of stimulation. In some embodiments, three or more sets ofstimulation parameters 105 are used, such that system 10 can stimulatebrain B in three or more modes of stimulation. In some embodiments,stimulator 100 is configured to deliver multiple modes of stimulation asis described herein below in reference to FIG. 2. In some embodiments,stimulator 100 or another component of system 10 includes algorithm 106which can be configured to determine when stimulator 100 shouldtransition between two or more modes of stimulation, such as between afirst mode of stimulation and a second mode of stimulation, and viceversa.

Stimulator 100 includes stimulation element 150 comprising one or morestimulation elements such as electrodes or other energy deliveryelements described in detail herein. One or more stimulation elements150 are positioned (e.g. implanted and/or external to the patient) tostimulate one or more portions of brain B, such as to stimulate thefornix and/or another volume of brain B tissue. In some embodiments,stimulator 100 and one or more stimulation elements 150 are constructedand arranged to stimulate brain tissue selected from the groupconsisting of: fornix; entorhinal cortex; hippocampus; anterior thalamicnucleus; amygdala; mammillary bodies; parahippocampal cortex; temporalneocortex; septal nuclei; nucleus basalis of Meynert; subcallosal orsubgenual cingulate; ventral capsule; ventral striatum and combinationsof these. In some embodiments, stimulator 100 and one or morestimulation elements 150 are constructed and arranged to stimulate braintissue selected from the group consisting of: Papez Circuit;hippocampus; cingulate gyrus; fornix; a mammilothalamic tract; amygdala;hypothalamus; mammillary bodies; septal nuclei; temporal neocortex; themedial forebrain bundle; anterior and mediodorsal nuclei of thethalamus; the diagonal band of the Broca; temporal stem and temporalwhite matter; brainstem; nucleus basalis of Meynert; anterior thalamicnucleus; entorhinal cortex; rhinal cortex; periventricular zone;anterior thalamus; anterior insula; caudate; dorsal anterior cortex;dorsal cingulate; medial frontal cortex; nucleus accumbens; orbitalfrontal cortex; parietal region; periaqueductal gray area; posteriorcingulate area; subcallosal area; subcallosal cingulate; subgenualcingulate; Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 24; Brodmann area 25;Brodmann area 11/Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 24b; Brodmann area 31;Brodmann area 32/Brodmann area 10; Brodmann area 32/Brodmann area 11;Brodmann area 39; Brodmann area 46; Brodmann area 46/Brodmann area 9;Brodmann area 47; Brodmann area 6; Brodmann area 9; ventral/medialprefrontal cortex area; ventral/medial white matter; dorsolateralprefrontal cortex; premotor cortex; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex;dorsal anterior cingulate caudate nucleus; frontal pole periaqueductalgray area; dorsolateral prefrontal area; subsingular cingulate;parahippocampal cortex; parahippocampal gyrus; ventral capsule; ventralstriatum; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 and one or more stimulation elements150 are constructed and arranged to avoid directly and/or indirectlystimulating tissue selected from the group consisting of: hippocampaltissue; optical tract tissue; and combinations of these. In someembodiments, stimulator 100 and one or more stimulation elements 150 areconstructed and arranged to avoid stimulation of posterior hypothalmicarea; ventral tegmental area; lateral hypothalmic area; anteriorhypothalamic nucleus; paraventricular nucleus; dorsal medialhypothalamic nucleus; ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; arcuatenucleus; lateral tuberal nucleus; medial preoptic nucleus; supraopticnucleus; and combinations of these.

Stimulator 100 can comprise one or more batteries, capacitors, and/orother electrical power supplies, such as power supply 163 shown. In someembodiments, stimulation parameters 105 a require different amount ofpower during stimulation than stimulation parameters 105 b require, suchthat battery life of stimulator 100 can be increased by usingstimulation parameters associated with the lower power requirement. Forexample, stimulation parameters 105 b can require more power thanstimulation parameters 105 a, and stimulation parameters 105 b can beused for a limited time period, such as only when the patient isperforming a specific task or having difficulty in recalling one or morememory events. In some embodiments, stimulation parameters 105 a requireminimal or no power (e.g. minimal or no stimulation energy isdelivered).

In some embodiments, stimulation parameters 105 b are configured toprovide an improved memory recall effect than can be achieved withstimulation parameters 105 a, such as when the stimulation parameters105 b deliver more energy to tissue than stimulation parameters 105 aand/or stimulate more and/or different tissue than stimulationparameters 105 a.

In some embodiments, stimulation parameters 105 a deliver a differentform of stimulation energy than the stimulation energy delivered usingstimulation parameters 105 b. In these embodiments, the difference inenergy form can represent a difference in energy type, such as an energytype selected from the group consisting of: electrical energy; magneticfield energy; light energy; energy configured to optogenetically controlneurons; sound energy; chemical energy; and combinations of these.Alternatively or additionally, the difference in energy form canrepresent a difference in the magnitude of energy delivered, such as adifference in magnitude delivered over time, difference in averagemagnitude delivered and/or difference in peak magnitude delivered. Inthese embodiments, the difference in magnitude can be at least 5%, 10%,25%, 50% or 100%. The difference in energy delivered can comprise adifference in an energy delivery parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: voltage level such as an average voltage level, rmsvoltage level and/or a peak voltage level; current level such as anaverage current level, rms current level and/or a peak current level;power level such as an average power level, rms power level and/or apeak power level; frequency of stimulation signal; series of frequenciesof the stimulation signal; phase of stimulation signal; pulse widthmodulation ratio; signal pulse width; current density such as currentdensity applied to tissue; single electrode selected to receivestimulation energy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolarand/or bipolar stimulation energy; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, a difference in energy delivered betweenstimulation parameters 105 a and 105 b can comprise a difference in anenergy delivery parameter selected from the group consisting of: voltagelevel; average voltage level; peak voltage level; current level; averagecurrent level; peak current level; power level; average power level;peak power level; frequency; phase; duty cycle; pulse width; modulation;and combinations of these. In these embodiments, at least one of thestimulation parameters 105 a and/or 105 b can comprise a duty cycle ofapproximately 1% and/or an “on time” within each duty cycle ofapproximately 90 μseconds.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 is configured to deliver atleast light energy, and the difference in light energy delivered betweenstimulation parameters 105 a and 105 b can comprise a difference in alight energy delivery parameter selected from the group consisting of:intensity; average intensity; peak intensity; power level; average powerlevel; peak power level; frequency; phase; pulse width; modulation; andcombinations of these.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 is configured to deliver atleast sound energy, and the difference in sound energy delivered betweenstimulation parameters 105 a and 105 b can comprise a difference in asound energy delivery parameter selected from the group consisting of:intensity; average intensity; peak intensity; power level; average powerlevel; peak power level; frequency; phase; pulse width; modulation; andcombinations of these.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 is configured to deliver atleast one or more agents, and the difference in agent delivery betweenstimulation parameters 105 a and 105 b can comprise a difference in anagent delivery parameter selected from the group consisting of: agentdelivery rate; flow rate; concentration of agent being delivered; andcombinations of these.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 comprises a firststimulation element and a second stimulation element (e.g. two differentelectrodes or two different sets of electrodes) and the firststimulation element delivers energy in the first mode of stimulation(i.e. as determined by the stimulation parameters 105 a) and the secondstimulation element delivers energy in the second mode of stimulation(i.e. as determined by the stimulation parameters 105 b). In theseembodiments, the second mode of stimulation can include delivery ofenergy by both the first and second stimulation elements 150 (e.g. whenonly the first stimulation element delivers energy in the first mode ofstimulation). Alternatively, the first mode of stimulation can includedelivery of energy by only the first stimulation element (e.g. a set ofone or more electrodes) and the second mode of stimulation can includedelivery of energy by only the second stimulation element (e.g. a set ofa different one or more electrodes). In these embodiments, the first andsecond stimulation elements 150 can be positioned on a single lead ormultiple leads, such that the transition between the first mode ofstimulation and the second mode of stimulation results in stimulationfrom the same (single) lead or different leads, respectively.

In some embodiments, the first mode of stimulation (as determined by thestimulation parameters 105 a) is associated with less energy drain frompower supply 163 than the energy drain that occurs during the secondmode of stimulation (as determined by the stimulation parameters 105 b).In other words, the power required during the second mode is greaterthan the power required in the first mode. In these embodiments, use ofthe second mode can be limited to specific patient memory recall and/orpatient task events such as to increase battery life of stimulator 100(e.g. to increase implant life of an implanted portion of stimulator100). In these embodiments, the first set of stimulation parameters 105a can comprise a parameter with a lower value than a correspondingparameter in the second set of stimulation parameters 105 b, wherein thefirst stimulation parameter comprises a parameter selected from thegroup consisting of: average energy delivered; cumulative energydelivered; peak energy delivered; duty cycle for energy delivery;voltage of energy delivered; current of energy delivered; intensity ofenergy delivered; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, the tissue stimulated in the first mode ofstimulation comprises a first volume of tissue of brain B, and thetissue stimulated in the second mode of stimulation comprises a secondvolume of tissue of brain B, wherein at least a portion of the secondvolume of tissue of brain B is not included in the first volume oftissue of brain B. In these embodiments, the second volume of tissue ofbrain B can comprise a larger volume than the first volume of tissue ofbrain B. In some embodiments, the second volume of tissue of brain B cancomprise all of the first volume of tissue of brain B.

Stimulator 100 can be configured to stimulate with the first set ofstimulation parameters 105 a for multiple discrete first time periodsand to stimulate with the second set of stimulation parameters 105 b formultiple discrete second time periods. In some embodiments, stimulator100 is configured to repeatedly alternate between stimulating with thefirst set of stimulation parameters 105 a and the second set ofstimulation parameters 105 b. In some embodiments, all of the first timeperiods comprise similar durations of time. In some embodiments, all ofthe second time periods comprise similar durations of time. In someembodiments, transitioning to the second mode of stimulation can betriggered by an event, such as a patient event. The patient event cancomprise an event selected from the group consisting of: inability torecall a memory event; inability to access a memory engram; frustration;anger; disorientation; and combinations of these. The patient event cancomprise an event detected by sensor 109 or another sensor of system 10(hereinafter sensor 109), such as a sensor selected from the groupconsisting of: electrode; neuronal activity sensor; EEG sensor;polysomnography (PSG) sensor; sleep sensor; sleep state sensor; localfield potential sensor; neurochemical sensor; EKG sensor; pH sensor;pressure sensor; blood pressure sensor; respiration sensor; acousticsensor; optical sensor; blood gas sensor; blood glucose sensor; glucosesensor; insulin sensor; blood oxygen sensor; eye movement sensor; blinkrate sensor; magnetic sensor; strain gauge; temperature sensor; andcombinations of these. The patient event can comprise activation of aswitch (e.g. activation by the patient, clinician or other operator ofsystem 10), such as a switch of user interface 201 a of controller 200 aand/or user interface 201 b of controller 200 b. In some embodiments, atleast one of the first time periods comprises a different duration oftime than another first time period. In some embodiments, at least oneof the second time periods comprises a different duration of time thananother second time period. In some embodiments, each first time periodcomprises at least 5 minutes and each second time period comprises atleast 30 seconds. In some embodiments, each first time period comprisesat least 1 hour and each second time period comprises at least 30seconds. In some embodiments, each first time period comprises at least24 hours and each second time period comprises at least 30 seconds. Insome embodiments, each first time period comprises at least 5 minutesand each second time period comprises at least 5 minutes. In someembodiments, each first time period comprises at least 1 hour and eachsecond time period comprises at least 5 minutes. In some embodiments,each first time period comprises at least 24 hours and each second timeperiod comprises at least 5 minutes. In some embodiments, stimulator 100is configured to deliver more power (e.g. more current) during eachsecond time period than the power delivered during each first timeperiod. In these embodiments, stimulator 100 can be configured todeliver minimal or no energy during each first time period.

Stimulator 100 can be configured to transition between two stimulationmodes (e.g. from the first mode to the second mode, from the second modeto the first mode and/or from any mode to a different mode) based ondetection of an event (e.g. duration of stimulation in a mode, time ofday, patient environment state change and/or patient event) or detectionof a condition (e.g. patient environment condition and/or patientcondition). In some embodiments, stimulator 100 is configured totransition between modes based on an elapsed time (duration) within amode. In some embodiments, algorithm 106 of stimulator 100 and/oranother algorithm of system 10 (hereinafter algorithm 106) determineswhen stimulator 100 transitions between stimulation modes. In theseembodiments, algorithm 106 can determine whether a transition betweenmodes should occur based on information received from sensor 109,controller 200 and/or diagnostic device 300.

In some embodiments, when stimulator 100 has operated in the first modeof stimulation for a pre-determined time period, a transition to thesecond mode of stimulation occurs (e.g. the transition automaticallyoccurs as determined by algorithm 106 comprising an electronic timer).In some embodiments, when the stimulator has operated in the second modeof stimulation for a pre-determined time period, a transition to thefirst mode occurs (e.g. the transition automatically occurs asdetermined by algorithm 106 comprising an electronic timer).

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 transitions between the first modeof stimulation and the second mode of stimulation based on the time ofday (e.g. when stimulator 100 and/or algorithm 106 comprises anelectronic clock). In some embodiments, stimulator 100 operates in thesecond mode for at least a portion of the nighttime and stimulator 100operates in the first mode for at least a portion of the daytime. Inthese embodiments, the power delivered in the second mode can be greaterthan or less than the power delivered in the first mode (i.e. more orless power, respectively, delivered at night).

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 transitions between the first modeof stimulation and the second mode of stimulation based on a patientparameter (e.g. a patient parameter whose value is monitored byalgorithm 106). In these embodiments, the transition can occur due to achange in the patient parameter and/or when the patient parameterexceeds a threshold (e.g. rises above a maximum threshold, falls below aminimum threshold and/or falls outside of a range of values). Sensor 109can be configured to produce a signal related to the patient parameter.Algorithm 106 can be configured to assess the signal from sensor 109 anddetermine if the parameter has changed (e.g. significantly changed)and/or exceeded a threshold. In some embodiments, the patient parametercomprises a circadian rhythm parameter of the patient. In someembodiments, the patient parameter comprises a patient awakenessparameter, such as when stimulator 100 transitions to the second mode ofstimulation when the patient falls asleep (e.g. when the second mode isassociated with more or less energy being delivered than is delivered inthe first mode). In these embodiments, sensor 109 can be configured toproduce a signal related to patient awakeness and algorithm 106 canassess the signal provided by sensor 109 to determine if the patient isasleep or awake. In some embodiments, sensor 109 is configured toproduce a signal related to a patient's state of sleep, and stimulator100 can transition between modes when the patient's state of sleepchanges (e.g. when sensor 109 is an EEG or other sensor that produces asignal related to the patient's sleep state).

In some embodiments, the patient parameter causing the transitioncomprises a patient activity level parameter, such as when stimulator100 transitions between the first and second modes of stimulation whenthe patient activity level exceeds a threshold. In these embodiments,sensor 109 can comprise a sensor configured to produce a signal relatedto patient activity level and algorithm 106 can assess the signalprovided by sensor 109 to determine if the patient activity level haschanged (e.g. significantly changed) and/or exceeded a threshold (e.g.when the second mode is associated with more or less energy beingdelivered than is delivered in the first mode).

In some embodiments, the patient parameter causing the transitioncomprises a patient activity parameter, such as when stimulator 100transitions between the first and second modes of stimulation when aparticular patient activity is detected, such as a patient activityselected from the group consisting of: reading, writing; talking;participating in a conversation; and combinations of these. In theseembodiments, sensor 109 can comprise a sensor configured to produce asignal related to a patient activity and algorithm 106 can assess thesignal provided by sensor 109 to determine if the patient activity isoccurring.

In some embodiments, the patient parameter causing the transitioncomprises a patient physiologic parameter, such as when stimulator 100transitions between the first and second modes of stimulation when thepatient physiologic parameter changes and/or exceeds a threshold. Inthese embodiments, the patient physiologic parameter can comprises aparameter selected from the group consisting of: blood pressure; heartrate; eye movement; blink rate; respiration; a glucose level; an insulinlevel; a theta rhythm state; a sleep state; one or more brain signals;one or more heart signals; and combinations of these. In theseembodiments, sensor 109 can comprise a sensor configured to produce asignal related to the patient physiologic parameter and algorithm 106can assess the signal provided by sensor 109 to determine if the patientphysiologic parameter has changed (e.g. significantly changed) and/orexceeded a threshold.

In some embodiments, the patient parameter causing the transitioncomprises a parameter related to the patient's ability to recall amemory event, such as when stimulator 100 transitions between the firstand second modes of stimulation when the patient is unable to recall amemory event. In these embodiments, inability to recall a memory eventcan result in transition from the first mode of stimulation to thesecond mode of stimulation, such as when the first mode of stimulationdelivers minimal or no energy to brain B tissue and/or when the secondmode of stimulation delivers more power to brain B tissue than the firstmode of stimulation. Algorithm 106 can be configured to detect thepatient's inability to recall a memory event (e.g. when the patientactivates controller 200 and/or sensor 109 detects patient agitation orfrustration and/or is otherwise configured to detect the patient'sinability to recall a memory event). Algorithm 106 can comprise one ormore biases, such as a bias towards false positives (i.e. falsedetections of inability to recall a memory event). Algorithm 106 can beconfigured to assess signals provided by sensor 109 and to compare theassessment to one or more thresholds, such as when algorithm 106 and/ora threshold are biased toward false positives.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 is configured to transition betweenthe first and second modes of stimulation when an operator actionoccurs, such as an action of an operator selected from the groupconsisting of: the patient; a clinician; a healthcare provider; a familymember; and combinations of these. Stimulator 100, controller 200 and/oranother component of system 10 can comprise a switch configured to causethe transition between the first and second modes of stimulation. Insome embodiments, the patient activates the switch (e.g. user interface201 of controller 200) when the patient is unable to recall a memoryevent and/or desires to recall one or more memory events.

As described above, sensor 109 can be configured to produce a signalused to determine (e.g. by algorithm 106) if stimulator 100 shouldtransition between first and second modes of stimulation. Algorithm 106can be biased, such as a bias towards false positives that results inadditional stimulation energy being delivered or other effect of atransition between the first and second modes of stimulation. Sensor 109and/or algorithm 106 can be configured to determine when the patient isawake and asleep, such as to change modes based on the level ofawakeness. Sensor 109 can comprise a sensor selected from the groupconsisting of: electrode; neuronal activity sensor; EEG sensor;polysomnography (PSG) sensor; sleep sensor; sleep state sensor; localfield potential sensor; neurochemical sensor; EKG sensor; pH sensor;pressure sensor; blood pressure sensor; respiration sensor; acousticsensor; optical sensor; blood gas sensor; blood glucose sensor; glucosesensor; insulin sensor; blood oxygen sensor; eye movement sensor; blinkrate sensor; magnetic sensor; strain gauge; temperature sensor; andcombinations of these.

Stimulator 100 can be configured to transition between different modesof stimulation based on a trigger event. In some embodiments, stimulator100 transitions from the first mode of stimulation to the second mode ofstimulation upon a trigger event. Subsequently, stimulator 100 cantransition from the second mode of stimulation back to the first mode ofstimulation after a pre-determined period of time, such as a time ofless than four hours or less than one hour. Applicable trigger eventsinclude but are not limited to: operator activation of a switch; apatient event; a patient physiologic event; a patient event detected bya sensor; and combinations of these. The second mode of stimulation candeliver more power than the first mode, such as when the first mode ofstimulation delivers minimal or no power to brain B tissue.

As described hereinabove, controllers 200 a and/or 200 b can comprise aswitch (e.g. a switch of user interface 201 a and/or 201 b,respectively) that causes stimulator 100 to transition between the firststimulation mode (using first stimulation parameters 105 a) and thesecond stimulation mode (using second stimulation parameters 105 b). Insome embodiments, the switch can cause a transition from the firststimulation mode to the second stimulation mode, but not from the secondstimulation mode to the first stimulation mode (or vice versa). In theseembodiments, the transition back to the previous mode can be caused by adifferent trigger event and/or automatically, after a pre-determinedtime duration, such as when the second mode of stimulation is performedat a higher power than the first mode of stimulation, and the secondmode automatically transitions to the first mode after thepre-determined time duration. In some embodiments, stimulator 100transitions from the first mode of stimulation to the second mode ofstimulation when the switch is activated, and remains in the second modeof stimulation until the switch is released and/or a pre-determined timeperiod is achieved.

In some embodiments, controller 200 a is configured for use by aclinician and/or other caregiver and controller 200 b is configured foruse by the patient and/or a patient family member. In these embodiments,controller 200 a can be configured to transition from the first mode ofstimulation to the second mode of stimulation and from the second modeof stimulation to the first mode of stimulation, while controller 200 bis configured to transition from the first mode of stimulation to thesecond mode of stimulation, but not back again (e.g. when stimulator 100is configured to transition back to the first mode from the second modeafter a different trigger event and/or after a pre-determined timeperiod occurs). In some embodiments, controller 200 a and/or controller200 b can be configured to modify the first set of stimulationparameters 105 a and/or the second set of stimulation parameters 105 b,such as when controller 200 b can modify a limited set of stimulationparameters 105 and controller 200 a can modify a larger set ofstimulation parameters 105.

Diagnostic tool 300 can be configured measure at least one patientparameter and produce diagnostic data 305 representing the at least onepatient parameter. Stimulation parameters 105 a and/or 105 b can bedetermined using, or otherwise be based on, diagnostic data 305. In someembodiments, transition between the first stimulation mode (usingstimulation parameters 105 a) and the second stimulation mode (usingstimulation parameters 105 b) occurs based on diagnostic data 305.Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise a tool selected from the groupconsisting of: heart rate monitor; EKG measurement device; oximeter;combined heart rate and oximeter device such as a pulse oximeter; bloodpressure measurement device; neuronal activity measurement device; EEGmeasurement device; sleep measurement device; evoked response potential(ERP) measurement device; neurochemical analysis device; memory testdevice; memory test form; respiration measurement device; sweatmeasurement device; skin conductivity measurement device; pH measurementdevice; body motion measurement device; imaging device; and combinationsof these.

Pathway 40 can comprise a wired or wireless pathway as described indetail herein. Stimulator 100 can comprise an implantable stimulator, anexternal (e.g. non-implanted) stimulator, or it can comprise bothimplantable and external portions. Controller 200 a is configured tocommunicate with stimulator 100, via pathway 20 a, such as to set one ormore stimulation parameters 105 of stimulator 100. Controller 200 b canalso be configured to communicate with stimulator 100, via pathway 20 b,such as to set one or more stimulation parameters 105 of stimulator 100.Pathways 20 a and/or 20 b (singly or collectively pathway 20) cancomprise a wired or wireless pathway as described herein. Stimulator 100can comprise a user interface 101, such as a user interface 101positioned on an external portion of stimulator 100. User interface 101,and the other user interfaces of the present inventive concepts, cancomprise one or more user input or user output components, such as acomponent selected from the group consisting of: switch; membraneswitch; mouse; keyboard; microphone; a graphical and/or alphanumericscreen; touch screen; light; speaker or other audio transducer;vibrational or other tactile transducer; and combinations of these.

One or more components of system 10 can include another component ofsystem 10, such as when one or more of at least a portion of stimulator100, controller 200 and diagnostic tool 300 are combined (e.g. within acommon housing). For example, at least a portion of stimulator 100 cancomprise at least a portion of controller 200 a and/or controller 200 b,such as when stimulator 100 includes an external portion comprising userinterface 101 which is configured to set one or more stimulationparameters 105. In some embodiments, at least a portion of stimulator100 can comprise at least a portion of diagnostic tool 300, such as whenstimulator 100 comprises one or more sensors 109 constructed andarranged to record one or more patient parameters, such as are describedin detail herein. In some embodiments, one or more sensors 109 arefurther constructed and arranged to stimulate tissue such as brain Btissue. In some embodiments, at least a portion of controller 200comprises at least a portion of diagnostic tool 300, such as whencontroller 200 comprises one or more sensors 209 (e.g. sensor 209 a ofcontroller 200 a and/or sensor 209 b of controller 200 b, also asdescribed in detail herein) constructed and arranged such thatcontroller 200 can function as a heart rate monitor, a blood pressuremonitor and/or another diagnostic tool configured to produce diagnosticdata 305.

Stimulator 100 can comprise stimulation element 150, which can compriseone or more stimulation elements configured to generate and/or deliverenergy to stimulate brain B or other tissue of a patient. In someembodiments, stimulation element 150 comprises two discrete stimulationelements, each configured to generate and/or deliver energy to stimulatebrain B or other tissue of the patient. Alternatively or additionally,stimulation element 150 can comprise a stimulation energy generatingelement configured to produce energy to stimulate tissue. In someembodiments, a first stimulation element 150 comprises a stimulationgenerating element that delivers energy to a second stimulation element150 configured as a stimulation delivery element, such as when thesecond stimulation element 150 comprises one or more electrodes whichreceive electrical energy from the first stimulation element 150.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 comprises one or morestimulation delivery elements selected from the group consisting of:electrode such as one or more electrodes configured to deliverelectrical stimulation energy; magnetic field delivery element; lightdelivery element such as a visible, ultraviolet or infrared lightdelivery element; energy delivery element configured to optogeneticallycontrol neurons; sound delivery element such as a subsonic wave orultrasound wave delivery element; agent delivery element such as achemical or pharmaceutical agent delivery element; and combinations ofthese. Alternatively or additionally, stimulation element 150 cancomprise one or more stimulation generating elements constructed andarranged to deliver a form of energy selected from the group consistingof: electromagnetic energy such as electrical energy and/or magneticenergy; light energy such as visible, ultraviolet and/or infrared lightenergy; sound energy such as subsonic, sonic or ultrasound energy; andcombinations of these. Alternatively or additionally, stimulationelement 150 can comprise an agent delivery pump or reservoir; such as apump configured to deliver a chemical or pharmaceutical agent throughone or more catheters or other fluid delivery conduits of stimulator100.

Stimulator 100 can comprise one or more implanted components (e.g. oneor more discrete or otherwise physically separated components), one ormore components external to the patient's body, or both at least oneimplanted component and at least one external component. Stimulator 100can comprise two or more components, such as two or more componentsconnected with a physical cable including electrically conductive wires,optical fibers, sound guides and/or fluid delivery tubes, and/or two ormore components which transmit and/or receive information via wirelesstransmission. In some embodiments, stimulator 100 is configured as isdescribed in applicant's co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/655,652, entitled “Deep Brain Stimulation of Memory Circuits inAlzheimer's Disease”, filed Oct. 19, 2012, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Stimulator 100 can comprise at least one housing, such as housing 110.Housing 110 can surround electronic components, power supply 163 (e.g.one or more batteries), one or more stimulation elements 150, and/orother components such as those described in reference to FIG. 3 hereinbelow. Housing 110 can be constructed and arranged for implantation inthe patient or remain external. Housing 110 can comprise two or morediscrete housings, such as two or more discrete housings surroundingdifferent sets of internal components, such as a first housingconstructed and arranged to be implanted in the patient and a secondhousing constructed and arranged to remain external to the patient.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 comprises at least an implantedportion and a first stimulation element 150 (positioned within theimplanted portion) comprises a signal generator, such as a signalgenerator constructed and arranged to deliver electrical and/or one ormore other forms of energy to a second stimulation element 150. In theseembodiments, energy generated by first stimulation element 150 cantravel through a wired or wireless pathway 40 (e.g. a pathway thatcomprises one or more wires or other energy carrying conduits which passunder the skin from the chest to the brain) to deliver stimulatingenergy to one or more second stimulation elements 150. Secondstimulation element 150 can be positioned on, in and/or proximate thepatient's brain B and/or other tissue to be stimulated. In someembodiments, one or more second stimulation elements 150 can bepositioned in a location selected from the group consisting of: asubdural location; a supradural location; on and/or in the skull; onand/or in the scalp; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 comprises at least an externalportion and at least one stimulation element 150 is positioned in anexternal portion of stimulator 100. In these embodiments, an externallypositioned stimulation element 150 can be configured to non-invasivelydeliver energy to tissue. For example, stimulation element 150 cancomprise an electromagnetic field generator, a sound generator, a lightenergy generator and/or other energy generator configured to deliverenergy non-invasively through the skin through a wireless pathway 40(e.g. through the skin and skull of the patient) to stimulate one ormore portions of brain B. Wireless stimulation transmissions cancomprise a transmission selected from the group consisting of:electromagnetic waves; sound waves such as ultrasonic and subsonicwaves; light waves; and combinations of these. Non-limiting examples ofnon-invasive stimulation devices include: one or more transcranialmagnetic stimulation devices, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No.7,087,008, entitled “Apparatus and Methods for Delivery of TranscranialMagnetic Stimulation”, filed May 3, 2002, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety; one or more externalfocused energy delivery devices, such as is described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/169,288, entitled “Systems and Methods forStimulating Tissue Using Focused Energy”, filed Jun. 27, 2011, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety;ultrasound stimulation devices; optogenetics-based stimulation devices;light-based stimulation devices; fiber optic based stimulation devices;and combinations of these.

Pathway 40 can comprise one or more physical conduits such as wires,fluid delivery tubes, sound guides, and/or optical fibers that connectto one or more electrodes, agent delivery elements and/or otherstimulation delivery elements 150 positioned in and/or proximate to alocation within brain B or other tissue to be stimulated. Pathway 40 caninclude a first lead that is positioned to stimulate a specific site inbrain B. In these embodiments, stimulation element 150 can comprise oneor more electrodes positioned in the hypothalamic area in proximity tothe fornix, and/or at a different location as described herein.Stimulator 100 can take the form of a fully implanted signal generator,such as a signal generator similar to signal generator Model 7424,manufactured by Medtronic, Inc. under the trademark Itrel II. Pathway 40can comprise one or more forms, such as any of the leads compatible withthe Model 7424 such as Model 3387 lead set, for stimulating brain B. Thelead can be coupled to stimulator 100 by a compatible lead extension.

Controllers 200 a and/or 200 b can be configured to initiate, adjustand/or otherwise set at least one stimulation parameter 105, such as astimulation parameter selected from the group consisting of: voltagelevel such as an average voltage level, rms voltage level and/or a peakvoltage level; current level such as an average current level, rmscurrent level and/or a peak current level; power level such as anaverage power level, rms power level and/or a peak power level;frequency of stimulation signal; series of frequencies of thestimulation signal; phase of stimulation signal; pulse width modulationratio; signal pulse width; current density such as current densityapplied to tissue; single electrode selected to receive stimulationenergy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolar and/or bipolarstimulation energy; agent delivery rate; physiologic concentration;power of light delivered to tissue; frequency of light delivered totissue; a modulation parameter of light delivered to tissue; amplitudeof sound delivered to tissue; frequency of sound delivered to tissue; amodulation parameter of sound delivered to tissue; mass of agentdelivered to tissue; volume of agent delivered to tissue; concentrationof agent delivered to tissue; delivery rate of agent delivered totissue; and combinations of these. System 10 stimulation parameters 105can be set by signals sent from controller 200 to stimulator 100 viapathway 20.

In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 comprises up to fourimplanted stimulation electrodes, such as four electrodes implanted intoa portion of brain B using conventional stereotactic surgicaltechniques. In some embodiments, stimulation element 150 comprises twoor more electrodes spaced approximately 1.5 mm apart. Each of the up tofour electrodes (stimulation elements 150) can be individually connectedto stimulator 100 through pathway 40 which can include a first lead withconductors for each electrode. The first lead can be surgicallyimplanted through a hole in the skull and the conductors can beimplanted between the skull and the scalp. The lead with conductors canbe electromechanically attached to stimulator 100. In some embodiments,at least a portion of stimulator 100 is implanted in a human body, forexample in the chest, within an arm, and/or in the abdomen of a humanbody. In some embodiments, at least a portion of stimulator 100 isimplanted in the chest and pathway 40 comprises set of conductors thatis implanted subcutaneously along the head, neck and shoulder to connecta housing of the portion of stimulator 100 implanted in the chest.Pathway 40 can comprise twin leads, a first lead and a second lead. Thefirst lead can comprise a first stimulation element 150 comprising oneor more electrodes and the second lead can comprise a second stimulationelement 150 comprising one or more electrodes. The first and secondleads can be implanted into brain B bilaterally (e.g. bilaterally aboutthe fornix of brain B), with each operably connected to a singlestimulator 100 portion. Alternatively, the second lead can be suppliedwith stimulating energy from a separate stimulator 100 portion (e.g. asecond portion implanted in the chest or other internal location of thepatient). The stimulation elements 150 (e.g. electrodes) of the twostimulation leads can be positioned proximate two separate sets ofnuclei, such as to potentiate each other's effects. In some embodiments,the first and second leads are positioned proximate two separate nucleiwith opposite effects, with the stimulation delivered being used tofine-tune the response through opposing forces. It will be appreciated,however, that any number of electrodes or other stimulation elements 150can be positioned within, on and/or proximate to brain B, remote frombrain B, and/or external to the patient's body, in accordance with thepresent inventive concepts. Additionally, one or more secondaryelectrodes or other secondary stimulation elements 150 can be implantedor otherwise positioned so that a secondary stimulation portion lies incommunication with another predetermined portion of brain B.

System 10 can be utilized in monopolar and/or multipolar electricalstimulation configurations (e.g. monopolar, bipolar and/or stimulationconfigurations including 3 or more poles). In some embodiments, system10 delivers monopolar energy, such as when housing 110 and at least aportion of stimulator 100 are implanted in the patient, such thathousing 110 can function as a lead (e.g. a positive lead). In theseembodiments, stimulation element 150 can comprise one or more electrodespositioned in brain B, the one or more electrodes functioning as theassociated lead (e.g. as negative leads). In some embodiments, one modeof stimulation (e.g. the first mode of stimulation including stimulationparameters 105 a) comprises monopolar stimulation of brain B and adifferent mode of stimulation (e.g. the second mode of stimulationincluding stimulation parameters 105 b) comprises a bipolar stimulationof brain B, and vice versa.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to provide stimulationcontinuously and/or intermittently, such as for a chronic period of timeof at least 1 month, at least 3 months or at least 6 months. In somecases, stimulation can be provided for a longer period of time such as12 months or more. Intermittent stimulation can include delivery ofconstant or pulsed stimulation energy with stimulation “on” times of atleast 30 minutes, or at least 60 minutes. In some embodiments, theconstant or pulsed stimulation energy delivery duty cycle (ratio of “on”time to the sum of “on” time plus “off” time) ranges from 20% to 80%.Stimulation can be performed in either an open loop or closed loop mode.In some embodiments, stimulation is initiated and/or modified to achievean acute goal (e.g. by a caregiver or the patient), such as to performan acute task or activity in which a memory recall effect is desirable,such as can be caused by a transition between the stimulation modes ofthe present inventive concepts. Stimulation can comprise delivery ofelectrical energy, sound energy, chemical energy, light energy, and/orthe delivery of a pharmaceutical drug or other agent. One or morestimulation elements 150 configured as electrodes can be of variousforms selected from the group consisting of: single component bipolarelectrode; multiple unipolar electrodes; stacked contact electrodes;discrete electrodes; electrode strip; grid of electrodes; paddleelectrode; high-density/high channel or lead count micro-electrodes; andcombinations of these.

Stimulator 100 can include an agent delivery mechanism, such as amechanism including a pump and one or more catheters configured todeliver one or more agents to one or more brain B or other bodylocations. In some embodiments, system 10 is constructed and arranged todeliver both electrical stimulation and agent delivery, sequentiallyand/or simultaneously. In these embodiments, a pump can be implantedbelow the skin of the patient, such as when the pump has an access portinto which a needle can be inserted through the skin to inject aquantity of a liquid agent, such as a medication or other drug. Theliquid agent is delivered from the pump through a catheter (e.g. aftertraveling from a pumping chamber and through a catheter access portattached to the side of the pump), and into the patient. The cathetercan be positioned to deliver the agent to one or more specific infusionsites of brain B. The pump can take the form of any number of knownimplantable pumps including for example that which is disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 4,692,147, “Drug Administration Device”, the content of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The distal end ofthe catheter can terminate in a cylindrical hollow tube having a distalend implanted, such as by conventional stereotactic surgical techniques,into a portion of brain B to affect tissue within the human brain. Thetube can be surgically implanted through a hole in the skull and thecatheter can be implanted between the skull and the scalp, with thecatheter fluidly attached to the pump. The pump can be implanted in asubcutaneous pocket located in the chest below the clavicle.Alternatively, the pump can be implanted in the abdomen. The cathetercan be divided into twin tubes (e.g. two separate catheters attached toa single pump or a single catheter with two lumens) that have theirdistal portions implanted into brain B in bilateral locations.Alternatively, a second catheter can be implanted on the other side ofbrain B and can be supplied with drugs or other stimulating agents froma separate pump. The pump can be programmed to deliver one or moreagents according to a particular dosage and/or time interval. Forexample, the pump can deliver drug therapy over a first period with ahigh dose configured to induce a high level of neurogenesis, after whicha lower dose is delivered to maintain neurogenesis and secondary trophiceffects (e.g. axonal sprouting and synaptogenesis). Any number ofneurotrophins or drugs that stimulate neurons can be administeredincluding, but not limited to: NGF; BDNF; NT-3; FGF; EGF; GDNF;Neurteurin; Artemin; Persephin; and combinations of these.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to modulate memory circuits toproduce clinical benefits, such as to modulate memory circuits in thebrain B to reduce the progression of or otherwise treat the effects ofAlzheimer's Disease (AD). System 10 can modulate memory circuits inbrain B via electrical or other stimulation means as described in detailherein. System 10 can be constructed and arranged to stimulate braintissue selected from the group consisting of: fornix; entorhinal cortex;hippocampus; anterior thalamic nucleus; amygdala; mammilary bodies;parahippocampal cortex; temporal neocortex; septal nuclei; nucleusbasalis of Meynert; subcallosal or subgenual cingulate; ventral capsule;ventral striatum; and combinations thereof. The stimulation site withinone or more locations of brain tissue can be used to stimulate, activateor otherwise affect one or more similar or different brain tissuelocations, such as a stimulation configured to affect a brain locationselected from the group consisting of: fornix; hippocampus;parahippocampal gyrus; entorhinal cortex; amygdale; mammillary bodies;parahippocampal cortex; temporal neocortex; septal nuclei; nucleusbasalis of Meynert; subcallosal or subgenual cingulate; and combinationsof these. Alternatively or additionally, system 10 and one or morestimulation elements 150 can be constructed and arranged to stimulatenon-brain tissue, such as nerve or organ tissue separate from the brain.Stimulated tissue can comprise tissue selected from the group consistingof: vagus nerve; trigeminal nerve; carotid sinus; spinal cord; dorsalroot ganglia; tibial nerve; sacral nerve; gastric nerve; andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, system 10 is constructed andarranged to stimulate at least a portion of the hypothalamus, such as atleast a portion of the fornix. The fornix is a large axonal bundle thatconstitutes a major inflow and output pathway from the hippocampus andmedial temporal lobe. The hippocampus is a critical component of thelimbic circuitry and is distinguished among some of the regions of thebrain by persistent production of new neurons. The fornix is involved inmemory formation and is known to be affected early in the progression ofAD. In some embodiments, loss of fornix integrity associated withhippocampal volume loss can be detected by diagnostic tool 300 and usedby system 10 to predict the progression of AD.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to sustain and/or improve thefunction of the fornix. Alternatively or additionally, system 10 can beconstructed and arranged to therapeutically affect the hippocampusand/or cortical circuits (e.g. the cortico-cortico circuits).Stimulation of the fornix by system 10 can be used to activate thehippocampus and cortical regions in brain B′s default network, a networkof brain regions that are active when the individual is not focused onthe outside world and/or the brain is at wakeful rest. Patients with ADcan exhibit a decrease in glucose metabolism over time. System 10 can beconstructed and arranged to increase or maintain (e.g. prevent thedecrease of) glucose metabolism, such as by stimulating at least thefornix. System 10 can be constructed and arranged to increase ormaintain (e.g. prevent the decrease of) one or more portions ofhippocampal volume, such as by stimulating the fornix. Fornix or otherbrain tissue stimulation with the systems and devices of the presentinventive concepts can increase local blood flow and perfusion of thehippocampus, increase angiogenesis and/or promote trophic release ofendothelial growth factor, BDNF and/or other neuroprotective agents(e.g. to increase or maintain one or more portions of hippocampalvolume). In some embodiments, the stimulation of system 10 results inneurogenesis, such as hippocampal neurogenesis.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to produce clinical benefitsto the patient by modulating neurophysiologic activity in pathologicalcircuits. The pathological circuits can be causing functional impairmentin the neural elements and circuits underlying cognitive and/or memoryfunctions, and the stimulation provided by system 10 can improveclinical and/or neurobiological outcomes that result from thesepathological circuits. Stimulation provided by system 10 can be used tomodulate dysfunctional networks, such as to therapeutically manipulatethe levels of one or more deleterious proteins.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to drive activity inprojection structures downstream from the stimulation site (e.g.downstream from the fornix). System 10 can be constructed and arrangedto provide evoked responses that are unequivocal and/or consistent.Stimulation delivered by system 10 can activate the cingulated gyrus andprecuneus area of the parietal lobe, including direct and trans-synapticsequential activation of downstream targets related to the connectivityof the fornix and hippocampus.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to regulate the level of oneor more neurotrophic factors and/or neurotransmitters. System 10 can beconstructed and arranged to ameliorate cognitive decline associated withdementia. A patient receiving therapy from system 10 can have reducedintegrity of white matter tracts innervating limbic structures such asthe fornix (e.g. at least the fornix), such as can be determined byfractional anisotropy maps using diffusion tensor imaging. System 10 canbe constructed and arranged to achieve at least one of: treats memoryimpairment; improves memory function; treats cognitive function loss;reverses synaptic loss; improves cognitive function; reduces degradationof cognitive function; promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus ofpatient's brain B; drives neurotrophin expression; regulates one or morebiomarkers related to Alzheimer's Disease such as amyloid-beta, tau,and/or phosphorylated tau; regulates BDNF expression; increasesneurotransmitter release such as acetylcholine; or improves glucoseutilization in the temporal lobe, the parietal lobe or both lobes of thepatient's brain B.

In some embodiments, a combination of treatment therapies can bedelivered to provide influencing of multiple neuronal types. Stimulator100 can be constructed and arranged to deliver multiple therapies, suchas two or more stimulation therapies selected from the group consistingof: electrical stimulation; magnetic stimulation; optical stimulation(e.g. visible, ultraviolet and/or infrared light); sound stimulation(e.g. ultrasound or subsonic waves); chemical stimulation (e.g. a drugor other agent); and combinations of these, such as are describedhereinabove. For example, it can be desirable to concurrently influence,via chemical, electrical and/or other stimulation, the neurons in thefornix, hippocampus and/or other portions of brain B to achieve animproved result. A system 10 utilizing multiple forms of treatmenttherapy can be similar to that which is disclosed, for example, in U.S.Pat. No. 5,782,798. In addition to affecting the deep brain, it can bedesirable for system 10 to affect concurrently other portions of thebrain.

In some embodiments, system 10 is constructed and arranged to provideone or more pharmaceutical or other agents, such as an agent deliveredorally, via an injection, or delivered by a component of system 10. Insome embodiments, system 10 is constructed and arranged to provide acholinesterase inhibitor medication or other agent to the patient.Stimulation element 150 can be constructed and arranged to deliver oneor more pharmaceutical or other agents, such as when stimulation element150 is at least configured as a drug delivery element or other liquid orsolid dispensing element.

As described above, controller 200 is constructed and arranged to setone or more stimulation parameters 105 of system 10, such as an initialsetting of one or more stimulation parameters 105 (e.g. to cause aninitial treatment stimulation energy to be delivered to brain B) or amodification to an existing set of one or more stimulation parameters105 (e.g. to modify the treatment stimulation energy being delivered tobrain B). Initial settings of stimulation parameters 105 and/ormodifications to existing settings can be made to provide sufficienttherapy (e.g. cause a desired event) and/or to reduce the likelihood oreffect of one or more adverse events. Setting of one or more stimulationparameters 105 can be made by an operator of system 10 using controller200, such as an operator who is a clinician or other caregiver of thepatient. Alternatively or additionally, setting of one or morestimulation parameters 105 can be performed automatically orsemi-automatically by system 10, such as in a closed loop fashion basedon information received from diagnostic tool 300 or another component ofsystem 10.

Controllers 200 a and 200 b comprise user interfaces 201 a and 201 b,respectively (singly or collectively user interface 201). User interface201 can comprise one or more user input or user output components, suchas a component selected from the group consisting of: switch; membraneswitch; mouse; keyboard; microphone; a graphical and/or alphanumericscreen; touch screen; light; speaker or other audio transducer;vibrational or other tactile transducer; and combinations of these. Userinterface 201 can be configured to provide information to and/or receivecommands from an operator of system 10 (e.g. the patient, a familymember of the patient, and/or a clinician or other healthcare provider).Controller 200 can comprise one or more handheld devices configured toprogram or otherwise communicate with stimulator 100 and/or diagnostictool 300. Pathway 20 can comprise a uni-directional or bi-directionalcommunication pathway between controller 200 and stimulator 100. Pathway20 can comprise one or more physical conduits such as electricallyconductive wires and/or optical fibers. Alternatively or additionally,pathway 20 can comprise a wireless communication pathway, such as atransmission of electromagnetic waves such as is used in wirelessradiofrequency (RF) communications.

Diagnostic tool 300 can be constructed and arranged to record, gather,assess, collect, determine and/or otherwise measure one or more patientparameters and produce diagnostic data 305 representing these one ormore patient parameters. Diagnostic tool 300 can be further constructedand arranged to process (e.g. mathematically process) and/or combinemeasured data, such as when diagnostic tool 300 comprises one or morealgorithms configured to analyze diagnostic data 305, such as one ormore algorithms that compare diagnostic data 305 to one or more“stimulation thresholds” (as described hereinbelow) and record one ormore stimulation parameters associated with the one or more stimulationthresholds. In some embodiments, an algorithm is constructed andarranged to determine a stimulation threshold correlating to anundesired clinical event or other undesired patient event (hereinafter“adverse event”) as described herein. In some embodiments, an algorithmis constructed and arranged to determine a stimulation thresholdcorrelating to a desired clinical event or other desired patent event(hereinafter “desired event”), such as an event in which a desiredmemory recall occurs, a desired memory learning is achieved and/or otherdesired event as described hereinbelow.

System 10 (e.g. automatically or semi-automatically) and/or an operatorof system 10 can use the diagnostic data 305 to set and/or modify thestimulation provided by stimulator 100. Setting of one or morestimulation parameters 105 using or otherwise based on diagnostic data305 can be performed to improve the therapy achieved by system 10.Alternatively or additionally, setting of one or more stimulationparameters 105 based on diagnostic data 305 can be performed to at leastone of reduce and/or prevent (hereinafter “reduce”) an adverse event forthe patient. Diagnostic data 305 can be used to determine if an adverseevent has occurred or is about to occur. Alternatively or additionally,diagnostic data 305 can be used to determine if a desired event hasoccurred or is about to occur. In each of these instances, theparticular stimulation parameters 105 causing the adverse event ordesired event represent a stimulation threshold for that particularevent.

In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 is set at a level belowor otherwise away from (hereinafter “below”) the stimulation thresholdthat caused an adverse event (e.g. as determined in a diagnostic test ofthe present inventive concepts). In these embodiments, the term “below”does not necessarily correlate to a lower magnitude of stimulationenergy, but represents a lower, greater or different value that tendstoward avoiding occurrence of the adverse event. For example, if flowrates of 5 ml/hr or less of an agent infused by stimulation element 150caused an adverse event, stimulation parameter 105 could be set to alevel of more than 5 ml/hr to avoid the adverse event. In someembodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 is set at a safety margin belowthe stimulation threshold (e.g. a voltage or current level that is lessthan the level causing the adverse event). In some embodiments, anapproximate 50% safety margin is used (e.g. a voltage or current is setto approximately half the voltage or current causing the adverse event).In other embodiments, a safety margin of at least 10% is used, such as asafety margin of at least 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%.

In some embodiments, a treatment stimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) isset to a level at or above (hereinafter “above”) a stimulation thresholdthat caused a desired event (e.g. as determined in a diagnostic test ofthe present inventive concepts). In these embodiments, the term “above”does not necessarily correlate to a higher magnitude of stimulationenergy, but represents a higher, lower or similar value that tendstoward causing occurrence of the desired event.

Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise a user interface 301, such as a userinterface configured to provide information to and receive commands froman operator of system 10. User interface 301 can comprise one or moreuser input and/or user output components selected from the groupconsisting of: a touchscreen; a graphical and/or alphanumeric screen; akeypad; a mouse; and combinations thereof. As described above,diagnostic tool 300 is constructed and arranged to measure one or morepatient parameters and produce diagnostic data 305 which is determinedbased on the one or more measured patient parameters. Diagnostic data305 can be displayed on user interface 301 (such as heart rateinformation, blood pressure information, or other data corresponding toa measured patient parameter that is displayed on user interface 301).In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 can communicate directly withcontroller 200 and/or stimulator 100, such as via a wired or wirelessconnection as described herein, such that diagnostic data 305 isrecorded by controller 200 and/or stimulator 100, such as toautomatically and/or semi-automatically modify one or more stimulationparameters 105.

As described herein, diagnostic data 305 can be used to determine if anadverse event has occurred or is about to occur. Treatment stimulationparameters 105 _(Treat) can be set at a level below or otherwisedifferent than the stimulation threshold at which the adverse eventoccurred, such as at a safety margin below or otherwise away from thatstimulation threshold (e.g. a voltage or current level that is less thanthe level causing the adverse event). In some embodiments, one or moretreatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) are modified based on astimulation threshold (e.g. modified to a level at or below thestimulation threshold, such as at a safety margin below the stimulationthreshold at which an adverse event occurred). For example, an adverseevent that occurs at a signal voltage of 6 Volts, may result indelivering therapy at 5 Volts (a 16.6% safety margin), at 4 Volts (a33.3% safety margin) or at 3 Volts (a 50% safety margin).

Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise one or more diagnostic devices, such asone or more devices selected from the group consisting of: heart ratemonitor; EKG measurement device; oximeter; combined heart rate andoximeter device such as a pulse oximeter; blood pressure measurementdevice; neuronal activity measurement device; EEG measurement device;sleep measurement device; evoked response potential (ERP) measurementdevice; neurochemical analysis device; memory test device; memory testform; respiration measurement device; sweat measurement device; skinconductivity measurement device; pH measurement device; body motionmeasurement device; imaging device; and combinations of these.Diagnostic tool 300 can be constructed and arranged to detect and/orrecord an adverse event, such as an adverse event selected from thegroup consisting of: undesirable heart rate; undesirable respirationrate; undesirable sweating; undesirable hallucinations; undesirabletingling; flushing; undesirable psychiatric effect; undesirablecognitive effect; unpleasant generalized warming; undesirableperceptions described as déjà vu; seizure; synchronized neuronal firingpattern; undesired neural response time; undesired brain state;undesired theta phase; undesired p300 amplitude; and combinations ofthese.

In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 comprises two independentdiagnostic measurement devices, for example two devices whose diagnosticdata are used in combination. For example, diagnostic tool 300 cancomprise a blood pressure measurement device and a heart ratemeasurement device, such as to identify patient discomfort or otherpatient issue (e.g. a falsehood or other inaccurate statement made bythe patient that can be detected through analysis of a patient parametersuch as heart rate and/or blood pressure).

Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise a memory test such as a verbal, visual,motor function and/or spatial memory test. Diagnostic tool 300 can beconstructed and arranged to detect and/or record a memory recall event,such as a tool including an EEG measurement device (e.g. an EEG deviceconfigured to detect one or more brain states of the patient and/or aform configured to manually record the results of a memory test.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises an EKG measurementdevice, one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can be set basedon a stimulation threshold at which undesired EKG activity is identifiedin diagnostic data 305.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises a neuronal activitymeasurement device, diagnostic tool 300 can be constructed and arrangedto measure a neuronal parameter selected from the group consisting of:single neuron activity; local field potential; event related potential;electroencephalogram reading; electrocorticogram reading; andcombinations of these. In these embodiments, a stimulation threshold(e.g. a stimulation threshold at which an adverse event is recorded bydiagnostic tool 300) can be determined when an adverse event occurs thatis selected from the group consisting of: seizure; synchronized neuronalfiring pattern; undesired neural response time; undesired brain state;undesired theta phase; undesired p300 amplitude; and combinations ofthese.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises an ERP measurementdevice, one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can be set basedon a stimulation threshold at which undesired EPR activity is identifiedin diagnostic data 305.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises a blood pressuremeasurement device, one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can beset based on a stimulation threshold at which undesired blood pressurereadings are identified in diagnostic data 305. In these embodiments,diagnostic tool 300 can further comprise a heart rate measurementdevice, such that diagnostic data comprises both blood pressure readingsand heart rate readings.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises a blood oxygenmeasurement device, one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can beset based on a stimulation threshold at which undesired blood oxygenreadings are identified in diagnostic data 305.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises a body motionmeasurement device, one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can beset based on a stimulation threshold at which undesired body motion(e.g. a tremor) is identified in diagnostic data 305.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises a neurochemicalanalysis device, the neurochemical analysis device can be constructedand arranged to measure a parameter selected from the group consistingof: neurotransmitter level (GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine,epinephrine, etc.); a pH concentration; an ion concentration; a lactatelevel; cerebral blood flow; glucose utilization; oxygen extraction; andcombinations of these. One or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) canbe set based on a stimulation threshold at which undesired neurochemicalactivity and/or level is identified in diagnostic data 305.

In embodiments where diagnostic tool 300 comprises an imaging device,one or more treatment parameters 105 _(Treat) can be set based on astimulation threshold at which an undesired patient image is identifiedin diagnostic data 305. Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise an imagingdevice selected from the group consisting of: MRI; fMRI; X-ray;fluoroscope; Ct-Scanner; PET Scanner; Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)device; ultrasound imaging device; standardized Low Resolution BrainElectromagnetic Tomography (sLORETA) device; MagnetoEncephalography(MEG); and combinations of these, such as when used to producediagnostic data 305 that quantifies or qualifies the effects ofreceiving stimulation from system 10 and/or when used to positionstimulation element 150. In these embodiments, an image produced bydiagnostic tool 300 can be used to optimize therapy or reduce an adverseevent, such as when used to select an electrode to receive stimulationenergy based on its position relative to a target as described herein.An image produced by diagnostic tool 300 can be used to select one ormore stimulating elements from a set of multiple stimulating elements(e.g. to select one or more electrodes from a set of multiple electrodesbased on an image of the multiple electrodes in reference to a targetstimulation location such as the fornix).

In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 produces data to assess axonalpathways, such as an assessment performed during stimulation of theaxonal pathways or locations proximate the assessed pathways. In theseembodiments, diagnostic data 305 produced by diagnostic tool 300 can beused to identify one or more axonal pathways that may be necessary or atleast desirable to optimize therapeutic benefit from the stimulationprovided by system 10. Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise at least adiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) device and/or a tractography-activationmodel (TAM) used to identify the pathways stimulated by system 10. TheTAM can consist of: anatomical and diffusion-weighted imaging dataacquired on the patient; probabilistic tractography from the brainregion surrounding one or more stimulation elements; finite elementmodels of the electric field generated by stimulator 100; and/orapplication of the electric field produced by one or more stimulationelements 150 to multi-compartment cable models of axons, withtrajectories defined by the tractography, to predict action potentialgeneration in the pathways. Diagnostic tool 300 can be configured toproduce clinical data, diffusion tensor tractography, and/or computermodels of tissue-specific stimulation areas, such as to determine one ormore axonal pathways being stimulated and/or to predict or differentiatethe therapeutic benefit of their stimulation.

Diagnostic tool 300 can comprise a patient assessment recording tool,such as a tool selected from the group consisting of: a form; anelectronic form; a tablet; a personal computer; a database; andcombinations of these. In these embodiments, the patient assessment cancomprise an assessment selected from the group consisting of: anassessment received verbally from the patient; an assessment received inwritten form from the patient; an assessment made by a caregiver of thepatient; and combinations of these. The patient assessment can comprisean assessment of a patient state selected from the group consisting of:depression; paranoia; schizophrenia; suicidality; suicide ideation;apathy; anxiety; mania; and combinations of these. Diagnostic tool 300can comprise an algorithm configured to analyze data on a patientassessment form or other patient assessment tool.

In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 comprises one or more sensors330 as shown. One or more sensors of system 10, such as sensor 330,sensor 230 a, 230 b and/or sensor 109 can comprise a sensing elementselected from the group consisting of: neuronal activity sensor; EEGsensor; polysomnography (PSG) sensor; sleep sensor; sleep state sensor;local field potential sensor; neurochemical sensor; pH sensor; pressuresensor; blood pressure sensor; optical sensor; blood gas sensor; bloodoxygen sensor; magnetic sensor; strain gauge; temperature sensor; andcombinations of these. Sensor 330, sensor 230 a, 230 b and/or sensor 109can comprise an implanted or external sensor. Stimulating element 150can comprise sensor 330. Sensor 330, sensor 230 a, 230 b and/or sensor109 can comprise at least one electrode. System 10 can be constructedand arranged to provide closed loop stimulation based on one or moresignals received from one or more of sensors 330, 230 a, 230 b and/or109.

As described hereinabove, one or more portions of stimulator 100 can beimplanted in the patient, such an implantation of stimulation element150. Diagnostic tool 300 can be constructed and arranged to gatherdiagnostic data 305 before and/or after implantation of stimulationelement 150. In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 gathers diagnosticdata 305 to determine a stimulation threshold at least 5 minutes afterimplantation of stimulation element 150. In some embodiments, diagnostictool 300 gathers diagnostic data 305 to determine a stimulationthreshold at least 24 hours after implantation of stimulation element150, or at least 2 weeks after implantation of stimulation element 150.

As described above, controller 200 and stimulator 100 can be constructedand arranged to stimulate brain B with one or more temporary or teststimulation parameters 105 _(Test). Diagnostic tool 300 can beconstructed and arranged to measure one or more patient parameters whilebrain B is being stimulated with these test stimulation parameters 105_(Test), producing diagnostic data 305 correlating to the teststimulation parameters 105 _(Test). In some embodiments, multiple setsof similar or dissimilar test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test) aredelivered to brain B, while diagnostic tool 300 measures at least onepatient parameter and produces diagnostic data 305. In some embodiments,a series of varied test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test) can bedelivered to brain B (e.g. a stepped or continuous increase instimulation energy level, such as a stepped or continuous increase of astimulating voltage and/or current), while diagnostic tool 300 measuresat least one patient parameter and produces a set of diagnostic data 305which is correlated to the particular level of test stimulationparameters 105 _(Test) associated with each subset of diagnostic data305. Subsequently, stimulator 100 delivers treatment stimulation energycomprising one or more treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat)that are based on the produced diagnostic data 305. In some embodiments,one or more treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) are programmedinto stimulator 100 via controller 200. In some embodiments, system 10is constructed and arranged to automatically set one or more treatmentstimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) based on the produced diagnosticdata 305.

In some embodiments, diagnostic data 305 produced by diagnostic tool 300is used to determine an initial (e.g. first time) set of treatmentstimulation parameters 105 _(Treat). In some embodiments, diagnosticdata 305 produced by diagnostic tool 300 is used to modify apre-existing set of treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat). Insome embodiments, diagnostic data 305 produced by diagnostic tool 300 isused to determine test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test), such asdiagnostic data 305 collected in a previous test. In these embodiments,a test stimulation parameter 105 _(Test) can be set based on astimulation threshold at which an adverse event is detected bydiagnostic tool 300.

In some embodiments, stimulator 100 stimulates brain B with a first setof test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test)′ for a first time period anda second set of test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test)″ for a secondtime period. The first time period and the second time period cancomprise relatively the same length of time or different lengths oftime. The first and/or second time period can comprise a time periodless than or equal to 24 hours, such as less than or equal to 6 hours, 3hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes, 15 minutes, 10 minutes, 5 minutes or 2minutes. Diagnostic tool 300 measures at least one patient parameterduring all or a portion of both the first time period and the secondtime period, and produces first diagnostic data 305′ and seconddiagnostic data 305″, representing the measured at least one patientparameter recorded during the first time period and the second timeperiod, respectively. Subsequently, stimulator 100 provides stimulationenergy to brain B comprising one or more treatment stimulationparameters 105 _(Treat) that are determined based on the firstdiagnostic data 305′ and second diagnostic data 305″. In theseembodiments, treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) can be basedon one or more test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test) associated with adesired treatment and/or they can be based on one or more teststimulation parameters 105 _(Test) associated with avoiding an adverseevent, such as described herein.

In some embodiments, the treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat)equal or at least approximate the first set of test stimulationparameters 105 _(Test)′ or the second set of test stimulation parameters105 _(Test)″. The treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) chosencan approximate a test stimulation parameter 105 _(Test) associated withan improved or otherwise desired treatment of a neurological diseaseand/or disorder. The improved treatment can correspond with atherapeutic benefit such as a desired memory recall with the patient.Alternatively or additionally, the treatment stimulation parameters 105_(Treat) chosen can approximate a test stimulation parameter 105 _(Test)associated with avoidance of an adverse event. In some embodiments, thetreatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) chosen can be proportionalor otherwise based on a test stimulation parameter 105 _(Test)associated with avoidance of an adverse event as described hereinabove,such as when treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) are a safetymargin below the test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test) at which theadverse event occurred, as described herein.

In some embodiments, one or more treatment stimulation parameters 105_(Treat) are programmed into stimulator 100 via controller 200.Alternatively, system 10 is constructed and arranged to automaticallyset one or more treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) based onthe produced diagnostic data 305.

Diagnostic tool 300 used in the first time period and the second timeperiod can comprise one or more diagnostic devices or other tools, suchas are described herein and producing diagnostic data 305. In someembodiments, diagnostic data 305 produced by a diagnostic tool 300 isused to determine first test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test)′ and/orsecond test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test)″, such as diagnostic data305 collected in a previous test performed using diagnostic tool 300. Insome embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 comprises a memory test tool, suchas a form used to record memory data. In these embodiments, treatmentstimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) can approximate or otherwise bebased on the test stimulation parameters 105 _(Test) that resulted in ahigher memory test score recorded in one of a set of time periods (e.g.two or more time periods) between which one or more test stimulationparameters were varied.

One or more treatment stimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) can comprisean electrical stimulation parameter selected from the group consistingof: voltage level such as an average voltage level, rms voltage leveland/or a peak voltage level; current level such as an average currentlevel, rms current level and/or a peak current level; power level suchas an average power level, rms power level and/or a peak power level;frequency of stimulation signal; series of frequencies of thestimulation signal; phase of stimulation signal; pulse width modulationratio; signal pulse width; current density such as current densityapplied to tissue; single electrode selected to receive stimulationenergy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolar and/or bipolarstimulation energy; and combinations of these. In some embodiments,stimulation element 150 comprises a brain inserted lead comprisingmultiple electrodes, and a treatment stimulation parameter 105 _(Treat)or other stimulation parameter 105 can represent a selection (e.g. asubset) of the electrodes that receive stimulation energy. The selectionof electrodes can comprise a single electrode, a pair of electrodes, ormore than two electrodes, such as one or more electrodes that receivemonopolar or bipolar energy. In some embodiments, a stimulationparameter 105 comprises a signal voltage of between 0.1 Volts and 10.0Volts, such as a voltage between 1.0 Volts and 6.0 Volts, or between 1.0Volts and 3.0 Volts. In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105comprises a voltage less than or equal to 9.0 Volts, such as less thanor equal to 8.0 Volts, 7.0 Volts, 6.0 Volts, 5.0 Volts, 4.0 Volts or 3.5Volts. In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 comprises asignal frequency between 2 Hz and 1000 Hz, such as a frequency ofapproximately 130 Hz. Energy delivery can be given in a series of on andoff times, such as when a stimulation parameter 105 comprises an on-timeof approximately 30 μseconds to 200 μseconds, such as with an on time of90 μseconds. A stimulation parameter 105 can comprise a parameterassociated with duration of energy delivery, such as a parametercorresponding to continuous delivery of energy (e.g. continuous deliveryof pulsed energy) or a parameter corresponding to intermittent energydelivery comprising one or more energy delivery periods ranging fromthirty minutes to 24 hours.

In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 comprises a lightstimulation parameter selected from the group consisting of: power oflight delivered to tissue; frequency of light delivered to tissue;modulation parameter of light delivered to tissue; and combinations ofthese.

In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 comprises a soundstimulation parameter selected from the group consisting of: amplitudeof sound delivered to tissue; frequency of sound delivered to tissue;modulation parameter of sound delivered to tissue; and combinations ofthese.

In some embodiments, a stimulation parameter 105 comprises an agentdelivery stimulation parameter selected from the group consisting of:mass of agent delivered to tissue; volume of agent delivered to tissue;concentration of agent delivered to tissue; delivery rate of agentdelivered to tissue; and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, controller 200 and/or another component of system10 are constructed and arranged to set at least one treatmentstimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) based on a stimulation threshold atwhich an adverse event is detected by diagnostic tool 300, such as anadverse event as described hereinabove. In these embodiments, the atleast one treatment stimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) can be set to alevel at or below the stimulation threshold, such as at a safety marginbelow the stimulation threshold as described hereinabove.

In some embodiments, controller 200 and/or another component of system10 are constructed and arranged to set at least one treatmentstimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) based on a stimulation threshold atwhich a desired event is detected by diagnostic tool 300. Patientdesired events include events selected from the group consisting of:recall of a desired memory; achievement of desired memory learning;desired level of neuronal activity; acceptable physiologic conditionsuch as an acceptable heart rate or acceptable level of neuronalactivity; experiential phenomena such as those described in epilepsyliterature; and combinations of these. In these embodiments, the atleast one treatment stimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) can be set to alevel at or above the stimulation threshold, such as at a pre-determinedpercentage above the stimulation threshold. In these embodiments, the atleast one treatment stimulation parameter 105 _(Treat) can also be setbased on a second stimulation threshold at which an adverse eventoccurred, such as a safety margin below the adverse event stimulationthreshold. For example, a memory recall event may be recorded bydiagnostic tool 300 at a stimulation voltage of X Volts, and an adverseevent may be recorded by diagnostic tool 300 at a stimulation voltage ofY Volts, where Y is greater than X. A treatment stimulation parameter105 _(Treat) can be set to a signal voltage between X Volts and Y Volts.

System 10 can be constructed and arranged to provide open loopstimulation to brain B. Alternatively or additionally, system 10 can beconstructed and arranged to provide closed loop stimulation to brain B,such as closed loop stimulation based on diagnostic data 305 provided bydiagnostic tool 300 and/or a signal provided by one or more of sensors309, 109 and 209, or a separate implanted or external sensor, such assensor 109 described in reference to FIG. 3 hereinbelow.

In some embodiments, diagnostic tool 300 and/or another component ofsystem 10 comprises data logging assembly 350. Data logging assembly 350can be constructed and arranged to record one or more events that occurduring delivery of test stimulation energy using test stimulationparameters 105 _(Test), such as when stimulation energy is varied. Datalogging assembly 350 can be configured to record diagnostic data 305,such as to determine a minimum, maximum, average and/or otherstatistical value of diagnostic data 305 (e.g. a maximum heart rate or amaximum blood pressure that occurs during delivery of test stimulationenergy). In some embodiments, data logging assembly 350 comprises anassembly with a button that a patient can activate (e.g. press), such asduring a patient adverse event or a memory recall event as noticed bythe patient. In some embodiments, at least a portion of data loggingassembly 350 can be at a location remote from the patient, such as atone or more file locations accessible via the Internet or otherinformation access network. Diagnostic data 305 from multiple patientscould be stored in one or more locations remote from those patients.Diagnostic data 305 recorded by one or more diagnostic tools 300 duringdiagnostic tests performed on one or more patients can be processed,analyzed and/or otherwise used to determine one or more treatmentstimulation parameters 105 _(Treat) for one or more patients.

Referring now to FIG. 2 a flow chart of a series of steps for treating apatient with a stimulation system is illustrated, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts. The method comprises STEPs 510 through 550,which can be performed using one or more components of system 10 of FIG.1 described hereinabove. In STEP 510, a patient is selected forimplantation. In a preferred method, the patient is screened forcandidacy as described in reference applicants co-pending U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/655,652, entitled “Deep Brain Stimulation ofMemory Circuits in Alzheimer's Disease”, filed Oct. 19, 2012, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Insome embodiments, the selected patient is a patient diagnosed and/orprognoses with a cognitive disorder selected from the group consistingof: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) such as Mild or Moderate Alzheimer'sDisease; probably Alzheimer's Disease; a genetic form of Alzheimer'sDisease; Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI); hippocampal damage such ashippocampal damage due to Alzheimer's disease, anoxia, epilepsy ordepression; neuronal loss; neuronal damage; chemotherapy induced memoryimpairment; epilepsy; a seizure disorder; dementia; amnesia; a memorydisorder such a spatial memory disorder; cognitive impairment associatedwith Schizophrenia; Parkinson's Disease related cognitive impairment ordementia; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); traumatic brain injury(TBI); and combinations of these. Additionally or alternatively, thepatient can be selected to treat negative symptoms of a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: schizophrenia;depression; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); traumatic braininjury (TBI); other conditions of reversible impaired memory orcognition; and combinations of these.

In STEP 510, or in another step of the method of FIG. 2, at least oneimaging procedure can be performed on the patient, collecting at leastone patient image. In a preferred embodiment, the imaging procedure isan MRI procedure performed to identify the fornix of the patient and/orone or more other brain locations. Alternatively or additionally,different patient imaging procedures can be used including imagingprocedures selected from the group consisting of: X-ray; ultrasoundimaging; fMRI; PET scan; and combinations of these. Multiple imagingprocedures can be performed, such as similar imaging proceduresperformed at different times, or different imaging procedures performedat the same or different times. In one embodiment, a first imagingprocedure is performed at least 7 days prior to a second imagingprocedure. In another preferred embodiment, a first imaging procedure isan MRI procedure and a second imaging procedure is selected from thegroup consisting of: a second MRI procedure; an X-ray; an ultrasoundimaging procedure; an fMRI; a PET scan; and combinations of these.Multiple patient images, collected in one or more similar or dissimilarimaging procedures, can be collected. These images can be used incombination, in comparison, or both. In some embodiments, the twoprocedures are performed at different times and one or more patientparameters are compared, such as parameters selected from the groupconsisting of: brain size; brain shape; and brain thickness. In someembodiments, an amyloid PET scan can be used to assess the presence ofamyloid in a patient. In some embodiments, a resting state BOLD fMRIsequence is performed to evaluate Default Mode Network or other brainstate. In some embodiments, Diffusion Tensor Imaging and tractography isperformed, such as to create an image of microstructures of the brain toassess white matter abnormalities (e.g. of the fornix).

In STEP 520, a stimulator is positioned to stimulate at least a portionof the patient's brain. In some embodiments, at least a portion of abrain stimulator is implanted, such as an implantation of one or moreportions of stimulator 100 described in reference to FIG. 1 hereinaboveand/or stimulator 100 described in reference to FIG. 3 hereinbelow. Insome embodiments, one or more leads (e.g. multiple electrode leads) arepositioned as described in applicant's co-pending International PCTPatent Application Serial Number PCT/CA2015/050249, titled “Systems andMethods for Determining a Trajectory for a Brain Stimulation Lead”,filed Mar. 31, 2015; the content of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

The one or more implantable portions of stimulator 100 can be implantedin one or more surgeries. The surgery can include implantation of a leadcomprising one or more electrodes, such as one or more electrodespositioned proximate the fornix of the patient's brain B. One or morestimulating elements such as electrodes can be implanted in a locationselected from the group consisting of: in the Papez Circuit of thepatient's brain; approximately 2 mm anterior and parallel to thevertical portion of the fornix; in the optic tract such that the ventralmost contact is 2 mm above the dorsal surface of the optic tract;approximately 5 mm from the midline; and combinations of these. Apost-operative imaging procedure such as an MRI can be performed toassess and/or confirm position of one or more implanted electrodes orother components of the system, such as to confirm location of multipleelectrodes relative to the fornix or other target location within thepatient's brain. One or more diagnostic tools, such as diagnostic tool300 described hereinabove in reference to FIG. 1, can be used to gatherdiagnostic data used to position the stimulator. The diagnostic tool canbe an imaging device, and the diagnostic data can include one or moreimages produced by the diagnostic device used to select one or moreelectrodes or other stimulating elements configured to receivestimulation energy. The one or more stimulating elements can be selectedbased on their proximity and/or relative position to a stimulationtarget, such as the fornix. For example a first electrode providingstimulating energy generating a first set of diagnostic data can beselected over a second electrode providing stimulating energy andgenerating a second set of similar diagnostic data (e.g. similartherapeutic benefit) based on information provided by an imaging device(e.g. when the first electrode is in a more desirable position relativeto a stimulation target than the second electrode). In some embodiments,electrode selection is made based on image data to prevent stimulationon non-target tissue.

In alternative embodiments, brain stimulation is provided by anexternal, non-invasive stimulation device (i.e. one or more fullynon-implanted stimulation system components). In embodiments includingan implanted stimulator or a portion of a stimulator that is implanted,at least one stimulation element can be implanted in, on or near thebrain of a patient. The at least one stimulation element can bepositioned in, on or near the brain of the patient based on the at leastone patient image. The at least one stimulation element can be placedvia a visual analysis of the at least one image, and/or one or moremathematical or other computational analysis or analyses of the patientimage. In some embodiments, the at least one stimulation element ispositioned in or around the fornix of the patient's brain, as has beendescribed in hereinabove. In another embodiment, the at least onestimulation element, such as a stimulation element comprising at leasttwo electrodes, is positioned to provide bipolar stimulation of thefornix or other brain tissue. The at least one stimulation element cancomprise at least one electrode configured to deliver electrical energy.Proper positioning of the stimulation element can be confirmed afterplacement, such as with a subsequent MRI image.

The stimulation element, such as one or more stimulation elements 150 ofstimulator 100 of FIG. 1, can comprise an electrical stimulation elementsuch as an electrode or a magnet such as an electromagnet. Alternativelyor additionally, the stimulation element can comprise an opticalstimulation element, such as a visible light element; an infrared lightelement; and combinations of these. Alternatively or additionally, thestimulation element can comprise a chemical stimulation element, such asa drug or other agent delivery assembly. The drug delivery assembly canbe configured to deliver one or more of: biologically active molecules;neurotransmitters; and neurotrophic factors. The stimulation element candeliver one or more drugs or pharmaceutical agents, and delivery rate ordrug concentration can be determined based on patient tolerance, such asa tolerance determined in a titration procedure performed usingdiagnostic tool 300 of FIG. 1. In a particular embodiment, thestimulation element is constructed and arranged to deliver acholinesterase inhibitor. In another particular embodiment, an electrodeand a second stimulation element is included. The second stimulationelement can comprise an element selected from the group consisting of: asecond electrode; a magnet; an optical element; a chemical or otheragent delivery assembly; and combinations of these.

In STEP 530, at least a portion of a patient's brain is stimulated in afirst mode using a first set of stimulation parameters, such asstimulation parameters 105 a described hereinabove in reference to FIG.1.

In STEP 540, a check is performed, such as via algorithm 106 ofstimulator 100 described hereinabove in reference to FIG. 1, todetermine if stimulator 100 should transition to a second mode ofstimulation. If the transition is not indicated, STEP 530 is repeated inwhich stimulation remains in the first mode of stimulation and asubsequent check is performed in a subsequent performance of STEP 540.If the transition is indicated, STEP 550 is performed.

In STEP 550, at least a portion of a patient's brain is stimulated in asecond mode using a second set of stimulation parameters, such asstimulation parameters 105 b described hereinabove in reference toFIG. 1. In some embodiments, the second set of stimulation parameters105 b correlate to at least a different portion of the patient's brainbeing stimulated that was not stimulated in the first mode ofstimulation. In some embodiments, the second set of stimulationparameters 105 b correlate to at least a portion of the patient's brainbeing stimulated in the first mode, not being stimulated in the secondmode. Alternatively or additionally, the first set of stimulationparameters 105 a and the second set of stimulation parameters 105 bdiffer in the type and/or amount of stimulation delivered to similar ordissimilar portions of the patient's brain, such as differentstimulation parameters correlating to a parameter selected from thegroup consisting of: voltage level such as an average voltage level, rmsvoltage level and/or a peak voltage level; current level such as anaverage current level, rms current level and/or a peak current level;power level such as an average power level, rms power level and/or apeak power level; frequency of stimulation signal; series of frequenciesof the stimulation signal; phase of stimulation signal; pulse widthmodulation ratio; signal pulse width; current density such as currentdensity applied to tissue; single electrode selected to receivestimulation energy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolarand/or bipolar stimulation energy; agent delivery rate; physiologicconcentration; power of light delivered to tissue; frequency of lightdelivered to tissue; a modulation parameter of light delivered totissue; amplitude of sound delivered to tissue; frequency of sounddelivered to tissue; a modulation parameter of sound delivered totissue; mass of agent delivered to tissue; volume of agent delivered totissue; concentration of agent delivered to tissue; delivery rate ofagent delivered to tissue; and combinations of these.

In STEP 560, a check is performed, such as via algorithm 106 ofstimulator 100 described hereinabove in reference to FIG. 1, todetermine if stimulator 100 should transition from the second mode ofstimulation to the first mode of stimulation. If the transition is notindicated, STEP 550 is repeated in which stimulation remains in thesecond mode of stimulation and a subsequent check is performed in asubsequent performance of STEP 560. If the transition is indicated, STEP530 is performed in which stimulation is provided in the first mode anda subsequent check is performed in STEP 540.

In alternative embodiments, the check performed in STEP 560 is performedto determine if stimulator 100 should transition to a third mode ofstimulation, different than the first or second mode of stimulation. Insubsequent steps, not shown, a check can be performed (e.g. viaalgorithm 106), to determine if the stimulation should transition toeither the first mode of stimulation or the second mode of stimulation.In some embodiments, four or more modes of stimulation can be included.

Diagnostic data can be gathered prior to, during or after implantationof one or more portions of the stimulation system, such as diagnosticdata gathered at least two weeks after implantation of a stimulatorportion. During or after implantation of the implanted stimulatorportion, a decision can be made to adjust at least one stimulationparameter based on the diagnostic data. The adjusted parameter can be astimulation parameter selected from the group consisting of: voltagelevel such as an average voltage level, rms voltage level and/or a peakvoltage level; current level such as an average current level, rmscurrent level and/or a peak current level; power level such as anaverage power level, rms power level and/or a peak power level;frequency of stimulation signal; series of frequencies of thestimulation signal; phase of stimulation signal; pulse width modulationratio; signal pulse width; current density such as current densityapplied to tissue; single electrode selected to receive stimulationenergy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolar and/or bipolarstimulation energy; agent delivery rate; physiologic concentration;power of light delivered to tissue; frequency of light delivered totissue; a modulation parameter of light delivered to tissue; amplitudeof sound delivered to tissue; frequency of sound delivered to tissue; amodulation parameter of sound delivered to tissue; mass of agentdelivered to tissue; volume of agent delivered to tissue; concentrationof agent delivered to tissue; delivery rate of agent delivered totissue; and combinations of these. Diagnostic data can be used to setinitial stimulation parameters and/or to modify existing stimulationparameters.

In some embodiments, repeated stimulation with initial and adjustedstimulation parameters includes incremental increases or decreases of atest stimulation parameter such a series of increases in stimulationvoltage and/or current as described hereinabove. In some embodiments, afirst stimulation parameter comprises a voltage level below 3.0 Volts,and a second and subsequent test stimulation parameters comprisesequentially increasing the voltage (e.g. in 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5Volt increments) until an adverse event and/or a therapeutic benefit isrecorded by a diagnostic device of the present inventive concepts. Insome embodiments, the stimulation parameter does not exceed a maximum,such as a maximum less than or equal to approximately 10.0 Volts, 9.0Volts, 8.0 Volts or 7.0 volts. In some embodiments, the voltage or othertest stimulation parameter level is increased slowly, such as anincrement made in intervals of approximately at least 0.5 seconds, 2.0seconds, 5.0 seconds, 10.0 seconds or 30.0 seconds.

In some embodiments, a set of stimulation parameters used in multiplesteps include at least one test stimulation parameter in which nostimulation is performed (e.g. a test stimulation parameter of 0.0Volts). In these embodiments, a therapeutic benefit of stimulation canbe confirmed (e.g. by the absence of the benefit when no stimulation wasgiven, such as when the diagnostic device comprises a memory test toolas described herein wherein a higher score is achieved with one set oftest stimulation parameters).

Referring now to FIG. 3, a schematic of an electrical stimulation deviceis illustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts.Stimulator 100 delivers electrical stimulation energy including astimulus pulse frequency that is controlled by programming a value to afrequency generator 151 (e.g. a programmable frequency generator) usingbus 152. The frequency generator 151 provides an interrupt signal tomicroprocessor 153 through an interrupt line 154 when each stimuluspulse is to be generated. The programmable frequency generator 151communicates with a pulse width control module 155 via pathway 156. Thefrequency generator 151 can be implemented by a commercial device modelCDP1878 sold by Harris Corporation. The amplitude for each stimuluspulse is programmed to a digital to analog converter 157 using bus 152.The analog output is conveyed through a conductor 158 to an outputdriver circuit 159 to control stimulus amplitude.

Microprocessor 153 also programs pulse width control module 155 usingbus 152. The pulse width control module 155 provides an enabling pulseof duration equal to the pulse width via a conductor 160. Pulses withthe selected characteristics are then delivered from stimulator 100through cable 161 to stimulation element 150. Stimulation element 150,typically comprising one or more electrodes as are describedhereinabove, can be positioned to stimulate the fornix and/or otherregions of the brain or other body tissue, also as describedhereinabove. At the time that stimulator 100 is implanted, an operatorof stimulator 100, such as a clinician, can program certain keyparameters into the memory 162 of the implanted stimulator 100, such asvia telemetry from an external controller, such as one or morecontrollers 200 described in reference to FIG. 1 hereinabove. Theseparameters can be updated subsequently as needed, such as to modify oneor more test or treatment stimulation parameters based on diagnosticdata produced by a diagnostic device (e.g. diagnostic data 305 producedby diagnostic tool 300 of FIG. 1). Power supply 163 (e.g. one or morebatteries) can provide electrical power to one or more components ofstimulator 100 described herein.

Stimulation element 150 can comprise one or more deep brain stimulationelectrodes, such as electrodes model 3387 produced by Medtronic ofMinneapolis, Minn. These electrodes can be bilaterally implanted suchthat the tips of the electrodes are positioned in a region where cellscan be recorded during micro-recording mapping. Alternatively, a singleelectrode can be implanted unilaterally. Energy can be applied at afrequency of 2 to 1000 Hz, such as at a frequency of approximately 130Hz. Energy can be delivered at a pulse amplitude, such as at a pulseamplitude of approximately 500 μA. Energy can be delivered at a voltagebetween 0.1 and 10 Volts, such as at a voltage between 1 Volt and 6Volts, such as at a voltage of approximately 3 Volts or approximately3.5 Volts. Energy delivery can be given in a series of on and off times,such as with an on-time of approximately 30 μseconds to 200 μseconds,such as with an on time of approximately 90 μseconds. The duration ofenergy delivery can range from 30 minutes to 120 minutes, such as aduration of 60 minutes, which can be repeated at regular or irregularintervals. The stimulator can be configured to operate in two or moremodes of stimulation, as described in detail hereinabove.

The embodiments of the present inventive concepts can be configured asopen-loop systems. A microcomputer algorithm programmed by the cliniciansets the stimulation parameters (e.g. stimulation parameters 105 aand/or 105 b of FIG. 1) of the stimulator 100. This algorithm can changethe parameter values over time but does so independent of any changes insymptoms the patient can be experiencing. Alternatively, a closed-loopsystem discussed below which incorporates a sensor 109 to providefeedback can be used to provide enhanced results. Sensor 109 (e.g. animplanted or external sensor) can be used with a closed loop feedbacksystem in order to automatically determine the level of electricalstimulation necessary to achieve the desired level of improved cognitivefunction. In a closed-loop embodiment, microprocessor 153 executes analgorithm (e.g. algorithm 106 of FIG. 1) in order to provide stimulationwith closed loop feedback control. Such an algorithm can analyze asensed signal and deliver stimulation therapy (e.g. delivery orelectrical, magnetic, light, sound and/or chemical treatment therapy)based on the sensed signal. Adjustments can be made when the signalfalls within or outside predetermined values or windows, for example,predetermined levels of BDNF and other neurotrophins (e.g., NGF, CNTF,FGF, EGF, NT-3) and corticosteroids. Closed loop applications can bedriven by diagnostic data, such as diagnostic data 305 produced bydiagnostic tool 300 described in reference to FIG. 1 hereinabove.

For example, in some embodiments, the patient can engage in a specifiedcognitive task, wherein the system measures one or more characteristicsto determine if the sensed levels are at expected thresholds. If one ormore of the sensed characteristics are outside a predeterminedthreshold, the system can initiate and/or modify the treatment therapy,such as to enhance or otherwise improve cognitive function.

In some embodiments, the system can operate with continuous closed-loopfeedback control. In another embodiment, the system can operate inclosed-loop feedback control based on a time of day (e.g., during hoursthat the patient is awake) or based on a cognitive task (e.g., when thepatient is working). In yet another embodiment, the system can beswitchable between open-loop and closed-loop control by operatorcontrol, automatically and/or manually (e.g. manually via a handheldcontroller).

In some embodiments, the stimulation can be applied before, after and/orduring the performance of a memory, cognitive or motor task learningtask to facilitate the acquisition of learning or consolidation of thetask and in so doing, accelerate the rate of memory acquisition andlearning and enhance its magnitude. For example, the stimulation can beprovided before, during and/or after periods when the patient islearning a new language or playing a new instrument. Such appliedtherapy can be useful during the encoding, consolidation and/orretrieval phases of memory. The neuromodulation intervention, brainstimulation via electrical, magnetic, light, sound and/or drug or otheragent delivery can occur before, after and/or simultaneous with thememory, cognitive of motor skill task.

In another embodiment, therapy can be provided in relation to learning atask. For example, the stimulation or drug delivery can be appliedbefore, after and/or during the performance of a memory, cognitive ormotor task to facilitate the acquisition of learning or consolidation ofthe task. In so doing, the rate of memory acquisition and learning canbe accelerated and enhanced in magnitude. For example, the stimulationor drug delivery can be provided before, during, or after periods whenthe patient is learning a new language or playing a new instrument. Suchtherapy can be useful during the encoding, consolidation and/orretrieval phases of memory. The neuromodulation intervention, brainstimulation or drug delivery can occur before, after or simultaneouslyto the memory, cognitive of motor skill task.

In another aspect of the invention, treatment therapy can be utilized toenhance neurogenesis as a method of improving cognitive function.Techniques for enhancing neurogenesis through treatment therapy aredisclosed in co-pending Patent Applications “Cognitive Function Within AHuman Brain”, U.S. Ser. No. 11/303,293; “Inducing Neurogenesis Within AHuman Brain”, U.S. Ser. No. 11/303,292; “Regulation of Neurotrophins”,U.S. Ser. No. 11/303,619; “Method Of Treating Cognitive Disorders UsingNeuromodulation”, U.S. Ser. No. 11/364,977; the content of which areeach incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Referring back to FIG. 3, the system can optionally utilize closed-loopfeedback control having an analog to digital converter 164 coupled tosensor 109 via pathways 165 and 166. Output of an A-to-D converter 164is connected to microprocessor 153 through peripheral bus 152 includingaddress, data and control lines. Microprocessor 153 can process sensor109 data in different ways (e.g. depending on the type of stimulator inuse) and can regulate delivery, via a control algorithm, of stimulationbased on the sensed signal. For example, when the signal on sensor 109exceeds a level programmed by the clinician and stored in a memory 162,increasing amounts of stimulation (e.g. stimulation energy) can beapplied through output driver circuit 159. In the case of electricalstimulation, a parameter of the stimulation can be adjusted such asamplitude, pulse width and/or frequency.

Parameters which can be sensed include the activity of single neurons asdetected with microelectrode recording techniques, local fieldpotentials, and event related potentials, for example in response to amemory task or sensory stimulus and electroencephalogram orelectrocorticogram. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,203, the content ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, providesexamples of various types of sensors that can be used to detect asymptom or a condition of a cognitive disorder and responsively generatea neurological signal. In an embodiment, a neurochemical characteristicof the cognitive function can be sensed, additionally or alternatively.For example, sensing of local levels of neurotransmitters (glutamate,GABA, Aspartate), local pH or ion concentration, lactate levels, localcerebral blood flow, glucose utilization or oxygen extraction can alsobe used as the input component of a closed loop system. These measurescan be taken at rest or in response to a specific memory or cognitivetask or in response to a specific sensory or motor stimulus. In anotherembodiment, an electro-physiological characteristic of the cognitivefunction can be sensed. The information contained within the neuronalfiring spike train, including spike amplitude, frequency of actionpotentials, signal to noise ratio, the spatial and temporal features andthe pattern of neuronal firing, oscillation behavior and inter-neuronalcorrelated activity can be used to deliver therapies on a contingencybasis in a closed loop system. Moreover, treatment therapy delivered canbe immediate or delayed, diurnal, constant or intermittent depending oncontingencies as defined by the closed loop system.

The foregoing description and accompanying drawings set forth a numberof examples of representative embodiments at the present time. Variousmodifications, additions and alternative designs will become apparent tothose skilled in the art in light of the foregoing teachings withoutdeparting from the spirit hereof, or exceeding the scope hereof, whichis indicated by the following claims rather than by the foregoingdescription. All changes and variations that fall within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within theirscope.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for treating a patient, comprising: astimulator for stimulating brain tissue, said stimulator comprising asingle lead having a first stimulation element and a second stimulationelement; and a controller for setting stimulation parameters of thestimulator; wherein the stimulator is configured to operate in a firstmode with a first set of stimulation parameters and a second mode with asecond set of stimulation parameters different than the first set ofstimulation parameters; wherein the first stimulation element isconfigured to deliver energy from the stimulator in the first mode andthe second stimulation element is configured to deliver energy from thestimulator in the second mode, and wherein the first stimulation elementdoes not deliver energy in the second mode; wherein the stimulator isconfigured to transition between the first mode and the second modebased on a patient awakeness parameter, and wherein the stimulator isconfigured to transition from the first mode to the second mode when thepatient is asleep; and wherein the system is configured to treat atleast one of a cognitive disease or a cognitive disorder.
 2. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the system is configured to treatAlzheimer's Disease.
 3. The system according to claim 1, wherein thesystem is configured to provide an enhanced memory recall effect whenthe stimulator is in the second mode.
 4. The system according to claim1, wherein the stimulator is configured to deliver less energy to braintissue when in the second mode than the energy delivered to brain tissuewhen in the first mode.
 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein thestimulator is configured to deliver more energy to brain tissue when inthe second mode than the energy delivered to brain tissue when in thefirst mode.
 6. The system according to claim 1, further comprising asensor configured to produce a signal related to patient awakeness, andan algorithm configured to assess patient awakeness based on the sensorsignal.
 7. The system according to claim 6, wherein the sensor comprisesa sensor selected from the group consisting of: electrode; neuronalactivity sensor; EEG sensor; polysomnography (PSG) sensor; sleep sensor;sleep state sensor; local field potential sensor; and combinationsthereof.
 8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the stimulator isconfigured to stimulate with the first stimulation parameters formultiple discrete first time periods and to stimulate with the secondstimulation parameters for multiple discrete second time periods.
 9. Thesystem according to claim 1, wherein the cognitive disease or disordercomprises a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:Mild Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Moderate Alzheimer's Disease; probableAlzheimer's Disease; a genetic form of Alzheimer's Disease; MildCognitive Impairment (MCI); hippocampal damage; hippocampal atrophy dueto Alzheimer's disease, anoxia, epilepsy, depression; post-traumaticstress disorder (PTSD); traumatic brain injury (TBI); neuronal loss;neuronal damage; chemotherapy induced memory impairment; epilepsy; aseizure disorder; dementia; amnesia; a memory disorder; a spatial memorydisorder; traumatic brain injury; cognitive impairment associated withSchizophrenia; Parkinson's Disease related cognitive impairment ordementia; a neurological condition; a psychiatric condition; andcombinations thereof.
 10. The system according to claim 1, wherein themagnitude of energy delivered in the first mode is different than themagnitude of energy delivered in the second mode.
 11. The systemaccording to claim 10, wherein a difference in the magnitude of energydelivered comprises a difference in energy delivered over time.
 12. Thesystem according to claim 10, wherein a difference in the magnitude ofenergy delivered comprises a difference of at least 10% in magnitude ofenergy delivered.
 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein thestimulation parameter difference comprises a difference in an energydelivery parameter selected from the group consisting of: voltage level;average voltage level, rms voltage level; peak voltage level; currentlevel; average current level, rms current level; peak current level;power level; average power level; rms power level; peak power level;frequency of a stimulation signal; series of frequencies of astimulation signal; phase of a stimulation signal; pulse widthmodulation ratio; signal pulse width; current density; current densityapplied to tissue; single electrode selected to receive stimulationenergy; set of electrodes selected to receive monopolar stimulationenergy; bipolar stimulation energy; and combinations thereof.
 14. Thesystem according to claim 1, wherein the stimulation energy compriseselectrical energy, and wherein the stimulation difference comprises adifference in an electrical energy delivery parameter selected from thegroup consisting of: voltage level; average voltage level; peak voltagelevel; current level; average current level; peak current level; powerlevel; average power level; peak power level; frequency; phase; dutycycle; pulse width; modulation; and combinations thereof.
 15. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the stimulation energy delivered in thefirst mode comprises energy selected from the group consisting of:electrical energy; magnetic field energy; light energy; energyconfigured to optogenetically induce neurons; sound energy; chemicalenergy; and combinations thereof.
 16. The system according to claim 1,wherein the tissue stimulated in the first mode comprises a first volumeof brain tissue, wherein the tissue stimulated in the second modecomprises a second volume of brain tissue, and wherein at least aportion of the second volume of tissue comprises tissue not included inthe first volume of tissue.
 17. The system according to claim 16,wherein the second volume of tissue comprises a larger volume than thefirst volume of tissue.
 18. The system according to claim 16, whereinthe second volume of tissue comprises the first volume of tissue andtissue not included in the first volume of tissue.
 19. The systemaccording to claim 1, wherein the stimulator is further configured tooperate in a third mode with a third set of stimulation parametersdifferent than the first set of stimulation parameters and the secondset of stimulation parameters.
 20. The system according to claim 1,further comprising a diagnostic tool for measuring at least one patientparameter and producing diagnostic data representing the at least onemeasured patient parameter; and wherein the stimulator transitionsbetween the first mode and the second mode based on the diagnostic data.21. The system according to claim 1, wherein the brain tissue stimulatedcomprises at least a portion of the fornix.
 22. The system according toclaim 21, wherein the brain tissue stimulated further comprisesnon-fornix brain tissue.
 23. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe brain tissue stimulated comprises brain tissue selected from thegroup consisting of: fornix; entorhinal cortex; hippocampus; anteriorthalamic nucleus; amygdala; mammillary bodies; parahippocampal cortex;temporal neocortex; septal nuclei; nucleus basalis of Meynert;subcallosal or subgenual cingulate; ventral capsule; ventral striatumand combinations thereof.
 24. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe brain tissue stimulated does not comprise tissue selected from thegroup consisting of: hippocampal tissue; optical tract tissue; andcombinations thereof.
 25. The system according to claim 1, furthercomprising an awakeness sensor, wherein the controller is configured toassess the patient's sleep state based on a signal provided by theawakeness sensor.
 26. The system according to claim 25, wherein theawakeness sensor comprises an EEG sensor.